Spain’s Democratic Sexenio: Revolution of 1868 to First Republic
The Revolution of 1868: The “Glorious” Revolution
The Revolution of 1868, also known as the “Glorious Revolution,” began in Cadiz in September 1868. It marked the dethronement of Isabel II and the beginning of the period called the “Democratic Sexenio.”
Causes of the Revolution
The Revolution of 1868 was caused by a combination of economic and political crises, coupled with the exhaustion and unpopularity of Spanish conservatism. This ultimately ended the reign of Elizabeth II.
- Economic Crisis: The
Franco’s Regime: International Relations and State Structure
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND EVOLUTION OF RÈGIMAl beginning of World War II (September 39)
Franco showed their support for the powers that had helped during the Civil War, but was not able materials involved a war, so Franco declared Spain’s neutrality.
The German victory over France (June 1940) led to the passage of the non-neutrality bel.Ligerància (economic and diplomatic support to the powers of the axis), which then emerge as victors of the war. Germany and Italy were probed the possibilities
Spanish War of Independence & Rise of Liberalism: 1812 Constitution
1. The War of Independence and the Beginnings of the Liberal Revolution: Constitution of 1812
Napoleon’s biggest mistake was believing that the Spanish were to be as easily dominated as their kings, Charles IV and Ferdinand VII, had been. A minority of Spanish accepted the arrival of the French and Jose I. These individuals are called Francophiles, and they can be categorized into three types:
- Convinced: Those who believed a change would benefit Spain.
- Opportunists: Those who sided with the stronger
1917 Joint Manifesto: UGT & CNT Call for General Strike in Spain
Joint Manifesto UGT-CNT (Madrid, March 27, 1917)
Introduction
This political manifesto, written in Madrid in March 1917, represents a joint call for a general strike by Spain’s two most powerful unions at the time: the General Workers Union (UGT) and the National Confederation of Labor (CNT). Issued by a “strike committee,” the manifesto reflects the growing political instability of the late Restoration period.
The Strike Committee and its Ideologues
The strike committee comprised UGT leaders, many
Read MoreUnderstanding Agricultural Law in Mexico
Mexican Agricultural Law
A Historical and Legal Perspective
Introduction
Agricultural law in Mexico is a complex set of legal rules governing the relationships and activities of agricultural subjects with each other and with the State. This intricate system has a rich history, evolving through various periods of reform and revolution.
History of Mexican Agricultural Law
Pre-1992 Era
Before the 1992 reform, agricultural lands were considered inalienable, imprescriptible, and indefeasible. Dispossession
Read MoreSpanish Society and Labor Movements in Early 20th Century
Ideologies and Unions
In the early 20th century, Spain’s labor movement was divided between the socialist UGT and the anarchist CNT. Both unions grew until the Spanish Civil War (1939). The PSOE political party, aligned with the labor movement, gained steady membership and parliamentary representation by 1910, with strongholds in Asturias, the Basque Country, Madrid, and Alicante. In 1921, the PSOE’s youth federation formed the Communist Party of Spain (PCE). The PSOE itself rejected joining
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