Understanding Modern Challenges: Health, Society, and Innovation
Understanding Cyberbullying
Key Facts on Cyberbullying
- False: Cyberbullying is not currently limited to homes.
- True: Cyberbullying can be avoided.
- False: Parents cannot always trace the number of a cyberbully.
- False: Parents should not wait until cyberbullying is happening to intervene.
What is Cyberbullying?
Cyberbullies send offensive emails and take photos to post on the internet.
Vocabulary Related to Cyberbullying
- To get away: To escape or avoid.
- Offensive: Causing displeasure or resentment.
- To trace:
Pharmacology Core Concepts: Drug Actions and Clinical Uses
Key Pharmacological Points
1. Paracetamol’s Antipyretic Action
Paracetamol’s antipyretic activity involves inhibiting COX-3.
2. NSAIDs vs. Opioids: Key Differences
(Information on differences not provided in the source text.)
3. COX-2 Inhibitors: Cardiovascular Risks
(Explanation for why cardiovascular adverse reactions occur with selective COX-2 inhibitors not provided in the source text.)
4. NSAID Contraindication: Gastric Ulcer
A contraindication for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) is
Pharmacology Exam Blueprint: Key Concepts and Study Guide
Pharmacology Exam Blueprint
1. Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics: The science of dealing with interactions between living organisms and foreign chemicals. What does the drug do to the body?
- Receptor Site
Pharmacokinetics: The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion of drugs. What does the body do to the drug?
- Absorption – Route
- Distribution – Lipid soluble
- Metabolism – Liver
- Excretion – Kidney
- Onset of drug action – How long it takes to feel the
Understanding Analgesics: Opioids, NSAIDs, and Aspirin
Analgesics are symptomatic medications that decrease the perception of pain without affecting its cause. They are broadly divided into:
Opioid Analgesics
These act centrally (in the CNS) to alleviate severe pain.
Non-Opioid Analgesics
These act peripherally (in the PNS) and are often used in dental pathologies.
Further Classification of Non-Opioid Analgesics:
- NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs): These have anti-inflammatory properties.
- Antipyretics: These have antipyretic action and little to
Analgesics: Non-Opioid and Opioid Medications
Non-Opioid Analgesics
There is a correlation between dosage and distribution throughout the day.
Contraindications:
- Gastroduodenal Pathology
- Blood Dyscrasias
- History of allergy to aspirin
Antipyretics with Little or No Anti-inflammatory Activity
1. Paracetamol: An analgesic and antipyretic with efficacy similar to that of Aspirin, but without anti-inflammatory action.
Pharmacokinetics
- Rapid gastrointestinal absorption. Peak serum concentrations are attained within 45 minutes.
- Good Histic diffusion (of fabrics)
Immunosuppressants and Antihistamines: Uses and Side Effects
Immunosuppressive Drugs: Patient Education
Preventing Infection
When taking immunosuppressive drugs, it’s crucial to prevent infection by:
- Practicing exhaustive hand-washing.
- Avoiding crowds whenever possible.
- Avoiding contact with people who have active infections.
Managing Renal Insufficiency
To control renal insufficiency:
- Monitor urine production.
- Drink at least 2 liters of fluid per day.
- Avoid consumption of grapefruit juice.
Cyclosporine: Side Effects and Interactions
Most Common Side Effect
Renal impairment,
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