Psychological Assessment Methods & Personality Testing
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was introduced in 1935 by Christina Morgan and Henry Murray of Harvard University. Its significance and comparison with the Rorschach test are notable in many ways, including addressing psychometric challenges. Similar to the Rorschach, the use of TAT rapidly expanded after its introduction. With the exception of the Rorschach, TAT is utilized more frequently than any other projective test. The TAT’s measurement of the need for
Read MoreUnderstanding State Structures and Global Governance
The State and Its Powers
Political organization defines how power and decision-making are structured and distributed within a society. The state is an independent political unit that exercises sovereign power over a territory defined by borders.
Branches of State Power
The functions of the state are divided into three branches:
- Legislative: Produces or makes laws binding on all persons.
- Executive: Applies laws and rules, exercised by the state government.
- Judiciary: Judges, ensures compliance with the
Electoral System Design and Political Culture
Key Elements of an Electoral System
The Size of the Assembly
The number of seats in the assembly. Its impact is influenced by the magnitude of the districts where those seats are distributed among parties.
Constituency Size
The number of seats to be allocated within a constituency. The constituency (or precinct) is the basic unit for transforming votes into seats. It is the element of the electoral system that has the greatest impact on proportionality, conditioning it more significantly than other
Spain’s Moderate Decade: Elizabeth II’s Reign (1844-1854)
The Moderate Decade: Elizabeth II’s Reign (1844-1854)
Elizabeth II ascended to the throne prematurely in 1843, at thirteen years old, gaining popularity after the discrediting of the head of state following the regencies of María Cristina. This period opened a moderate regime, signifying the consolidation of power by the great landowning bourgeoisie. It was characterized by a conservative liberalism, maintaining the economic reforms of 1833-1843 but greatly restricting social and political freedoms
Read MoreFrench President Election and Powers
French President: Election & Role
The President of the Republic is elected for five years in a single constituency comprising the whole nation and may be reelected indefinitely. (Under the Third Republic, the presidential term lasted seven years, but since the introduction of the Fifth Republic, it was reduced to five years, a change approved in 2000, albeit with an abstention rate of 70%). Before 1962, the election was indirect.
Presidential Election Process
The selection is done by majority vote
Read MoreGerman Associations, Unions, and Media Landscape
German Associations and Societies
Constitutional Basis: Article 9
Bonn Basic Law Article 9 constitutionalizes these groupings: “All Germans have the right to form associations and societies (…). The right to form associations to safeguard and improve economic and working conditions is guaranteed to every person and every profession. Agreements aiming to restrict or prevent this right shall be void; measures taken to this end are illegal.”
Key Business Associations
Business associations are concentrated
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