Linguistic Signs, Words, and Semantics

Linguistic Sign

The linguistic sign is an inseparable unit with two levels: signifier and signified. It is characterized by:

  • Arbitrariness: The relationship between signified and signifier is unmotivated.
  • Conventionality: Users have accepted signs that are agreed upon throughout history.
  • Orality: Languages are basically spoken.
  • Linearity: The linguistic sign develops in time and can be physically represented.
  • Synchronic Immutability: No speaker can voluntarily change a sign.
  • Diachronic Mutability of Value:
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Understanding Pre-formulated Standard Contracts and Their Implications

2. Pre-formulated Standard Contract

Adhesion Contracts: Contracts that are unilaterally written by one of the parties are adhesion contracts. The same model contract is used for every client.

It is true that these contracts have some benefits as their use lowers the costs of contract writing and dealing and speeds up the traffic.

However, the party that adheres to the contract does not have the possibility to negotiate its provisions. Therefore, the parties have different positions of strength in the

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Lexical Resources, Grammar, Semantics, and Communication

Lexical Resources

Lexical resources are based on establishing semantic relations between words in a text.

  • Lexical Repetition: Repeating a word or words, which usually coincide with the fundamental ideas of the text.
  • Common Semantic Field: Using words or expressions that belong to the same semantic or lexical field.
  • Replacement Synonym: Substituting a term with a synonym or a word with a similar meaning.
  • Hypernyms and Hyponyms: A hypernym is a term with a generic meaning that includes other specific terms
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Linguistic Morphology: Key Concepts and Word Formation

Linguistic Morphology: Key Concepts

1. The linguistic sign unites the concept and the signified. True

2. Bound bases can be the core part of a word. False

3. Pronouns are function words. True

4. The word ‘fast’ can be an adjective and a preposition, depending on the context. True

5. We can add inflectional affixes to stems. True

6. There are some compounds to which we can add the suffix -s to the first or to the second element for pluralizing them. True

7. A stem is always a root. ______?

8. The primary

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Sustainability and Environmental Engineering

Sustainability and Environmental Engineering

Sustainability is defined by Merriam-Webster as follows: (1) of, relating to, or being a method of harvesting or using a resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged and (2) of or relating to a lifestyle involving the use of sustainable methods.

Sustainable development is defined as “development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future to meet its needs.”

Sustainable engineering is the

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Understanding Language Structure: Phonemes, Morphology, and Semantics

The Structure of the Language: Phonemes and Words.
Language is a system of signs, related and interdependent, and a set of combining rules. The function of each sign is given by its opposition to another. The study of language is structured in three levels, and each of them deals with a particular aspect:
+ + Level 1: Phonetics – Phonemes, looks, and sounds of the language.
The phoneme is an abstract unit of meaningless jargon that serves to distinguish words. The sound is the individual and concrete

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