Semiconductors: Intrinsic, N-Type, P-Type, and PN Junctions Explained

Semiconductors: Intrinsic, N-Type, and P-Type

Intrinsic semiconductors are semiconductors with no impurities. They are characterized by having 4 electrons in the last layer of atoms and form a stable structure, binding to the neighboring atoms with covalent bonds, sharing 4 pairs of electrons.

Semiconductor N-Type

An N-type semiconductor is extrinsic, i.e., containing a number of impurities. If some atoms with 5 electrons in their last layer are added to a pure semiconductor (intrinsic), these atoms

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Mastering Technical Terminology: Fasteners, Electricity, and Dimensional Accuracy

Technical Terminology: Fasteners, Electricity, and Dimensions

Prepositions and Common Phrases

Dependent Prepositions: zatia prep+noun

  • In theory
  • In practice
  • In advance
  • On purpose
  • By heart
  • At the latest
  • By chance
  • On the news (dia konkreto)
  • In the news these days
  • In a very bad mood
  • In the end (at last, finally)
  • By mistake
  • For nothing
  • On good terms
  • On principle
  • In principle
  • In debt
  • Against the law
  • As a rule

Dimensional Accuracy

(Precision and tolerance, size, shaft, bolt)

  • Allowed/Permissible: Acceptable
  • Exact/Accurate/Precise:
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Transmission Shafts: Types, Components, and Mounting

Item 6: Transmission Shafts

1. Shafts

Shafts are responsible for transmitting torque from the gearbox to the transfer case or differential. They are used in vehicles to transmit torque from front to rear or vice versa. In front-engine, front-wheel-drive vehicles, they are not necessary because power transmission is done directly by semi-shafts. 4×4 vehicles have two drive shafts: a short one to the front and a longer one to the rear. The connection between them is not rigid and is made using universal

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Galvanometer Recorders: Types and Operation

Galvanometer Recorders

Galvanometer recorders are based on the same principle as the moving coil meter mechanism. The main difference is that the opposing force to the one generated by the current through the coil is produced by the torsional suspension coil springs. A pointer can be attached to the suspension, with a stylus at the end. This then produces an ink line graph. If R is the length of the pointer and θ the deflection, the pen’s displacement will be y = Rsinθ. Since the angle θ is proportional

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Evolution of Television Technology: From Analog to Hybrid

Special Circuits and Synchronization

Synchronization is achieved by recovering the video signal’s sync pulses. Synchronization and horizontal sweep are responsible for image deployment, providing a horizontal signal. Functions are related to the high voltage generator, exciting the anode in the kinescope.

Modern TVs use switching power supplies to generate various voltages for different circuits. Erase and sync pulses function by sending a signal that occupies all the time, with thin sync pulses directly

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Speed, Temperature, and Pressure Transducers

Speed Transducers

The measurement of angular velocity in industry is commonly achieved using tachometers, which can be either mechanical or electrical. The measurement result directly expresses the angular velocity in revolutions per minute. Tachometers can measure the average speed over a time interval or the instantaneous velocity.

Mechanical Tachometers

A revolution counter uses a screw shaft coupled to the engine whose speed is to be measured. This screw is rotated through a gear system with two

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