Immanuel Kant’s Philosophical Influences and Context

Immanuel Kant: A Philosophical Giant

Immanuel Kant was a pivotal philosopher whose work continues to profoundly influence the field of philosophy today. Born on April 22, 1724, in Königsberg, Prussia, he lived and worked in the same city until his death in 1804. Kant’s theories and studies are deeply rooted in the historical context of the modern age, particularly the 18th-century Enlightenment.

Key Influences on Kant’s Thought

  • David Hume: Hume’s psychological empiricism, emphasizing knowledge derived
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Ortega y Gasset’s Philosophical Concepts Explained

Ortega y Gasset’s Philosophical Concepts

Reality is not a set of things that happen to us. It does not conform to preset patterns but uses “occasional” categories, whose meaning depends on the circumstances.

Ortega’s Concept of Reality

Ortega y Gasset identified two concepts of reality: what is real for us and actual reality. The reality that is “real to us” is what we encounter and must live with, whether we like it or not. The “true and primary reality” is an uncertain portfolio of facilities and

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Understanding Social Dynamics and Personality Traits

People and Their Roles

  • Someone who likes to be alone: Loner
  • A person in control of a group, country, or situation: Leader
  • Someone involved in an activity: Participant
  • A person you dislike or oppose: Enemy
  • Someone very confident who likes being with other people: Extrovert
  • Someone near an event, but not directly involved: Bystander
  • Someone who supports you when others are against you: Ally
  • Someone quiet, shy, and prefers to be alone: Introvert
  • Someone who enjoys parties, drinks a lot, and behaves loudly and
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Key Concepts in Moral Philosophy

Practical Rationality

Refers to the distinct human capacity to make practical judgments.

Practical Judgments

Judgments about what is good to do here and now, leading to concrete action.

Praxis

Term that refers to practical activity as opposed to theory, especially the free and conscious activity that characterizes the human being.

Man’s Ultimate End

It must be complete, self-sufficient, enduring all evil, fully satisfying the will, and within reach of all.

Good, Useful, Utility

The category used to describe

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Nietzsche’s Zarathustra: Reimagining Human Existence

Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Philosophical Journey

This message draws from Nietzsche’s seminal work, Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Given Nietzsche’s critical stance towards religion, he chose Zarathustra—historically considered the first prophet to introduce religion to the world—as a central figure. The work’s ironic subtitle, “A Book for Everyone and No One,” positions it as a “fifth gospel” from the prophet Zarathustra. However, instead of celebrating the birth of God, it proclaims the

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Legal Systems, State Legitimacy, and Justice Principles

The Concept of Law

Law is a systematic set of principles and rules governing the relations among social members and with institutions, demanding certain behaviors to achieve a stable, orderly, and safe social life. It can be categorized as:

  • Natural Law: A set of human rights, inherent to human nature. Some consider it timeless, immutable, and universal. Others believe that law is valid because it originates from the divine.
  • Positive Law: A set of rules and laws created by human reason within a specific
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