Pharmacology Principles: Mechanisms and Drug Actions

Posted by admin on Jun 25, 2026 in Medicine | 0 comments

Pharmacokinetics and Drug Transport Mechanisms

Understanding Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of drugs within the body. It describes what the body does to the drug. It includes Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME).

Pharmacokinetics Process Flow

Drug Administration → Absorption → Distribution → Metabolism → Excretion

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption

Passive Diffusion

The drug moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. No energy is

Human Endocrine System and Hormone Functions

Posted by admin on Jun 24, 2026 in Medicine | 0 comments

The Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a collection of glands that produce hormones to regulate many physiological functions in the body, such as growth, metabolism, and sexual function.

What are Glands?

Glands are specialized organs or tissues that produce and secrete substances such as hormones, enzymes, or other body fluids to regulate various bodily functions. They are classified into two types:

Exocrine Glands: These glands release substances through a duct or canal to a specific location.

Orthopedic Emergencies and Clinical Management

Posted by admin on Jun 21, 2026 in Medicine | 0 comments

1. Red Flags and Emergencies (Do Not Miss)

Cauda Equina Syndrome

Back pain and sciatica
Saddle anesthesia or reduced perianal sensation
Urinary retention leading to late incontinence
👉 Management: Urgent MRI of the spine

Epidural Abscess or Discitis Complication

Back pain, fever, and neurological signs
Risk factors: Intravenous drug use (IVDU), infective endocarditis
Organism: Staphylococcus aureus
👉 Management: MRI; consider echocardiogram if discitis is present

Compartment Syndrome

Pain out of proportion

Managing Ruminant Metabolic Disorders and Milk Fever

Posted by admin on Jun 21, 2026 in Medicine | 0 comments

Dietary Anions for Milk Fever Prevention

Adding anions such as chloride (Cl^–) or sulfate (SO₄^2-) to the diet of dairy cows during the last 10–21 days of pregnancy is a highly effective prevention method for milk fever (parturient paresis). This practice induces a mild metabolic acidosis, which lowers blood pH and enhances tissue responsiveness to parathyroid hormone (PTH). Consequently, both bone resorption and intestinal absorption of calcium are increased.

Commonly used salts include CaCl₂, NH₄Cl,

Med chem

Posted by admin on Jun 18, 2026 in Medicine | 0 comments

ANTI-ARRHYTHMIC DRUGS It is the improper beating of the heart, whether irregular, too fast, or too slow.

Normal range of heart beat: 60–100 bpm (normally about 72 bpm).

It occurs when electric impulses in the heart do not work properly.

Also occurs due to other heart diseases such as myocardial ischemic disease, etc.

Causes of Arrhythmia

Bradycardia (Reduced Automaticity)

↑ Parasympathetic system Sleeping Disease (Heart disease) Other drugs such as Beta blockers, antiarrhythmic drugs, etc. Conduction

Different btn wind in high pressure zone and low pressure zone