Operating Systems and RTOS Core Concepts

Operating System Fundamentals

Operating System: Types, Objectives, and Functions

Definition of Operating System

Software that manages hardware and software resources, acts as an interface between the user and hardware, and enables application execution.

Objectives of Operating Systems

  • Convenience: User-friendly interaction.
  • Efficiency: Optimum use of CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
  • Ability to Evolve: Integrate new system functions.
  • Security & Protection: Prevent unauthorized access and protect data.
  • Resource
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Oxy-Acetylene Welding: Techniques, Equipment & Safety

Welded Joints: An Introduction

Welded joints: These are created through a welding process, generally joining two pieces by using a heat source to achieve fusion. There are two main types:

  • Homogeneous
  • Heterogeneous

Oxy-Acetylene Torch Welding

Oxy-Acetylene Torch: This involves reaching the fusion temperature at the edges of the pieces being welded, or reaching the appropriate temperature to melt the filler rod when welding materials of different natures (heterogeneous welding).

Gases Used in Oxy-Acetylene

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Carnot Cycle, Heat Transfer, and Turbine Technology

कार्नोट चक्र (Carnot Cycle)

कार्नोट चक्र (Carnot Cycle) थर्मोडायनामिक्स का एक महत्वपूर्ण सिद्धांत है, जो किसी आदर्श गर्म मशीन के कार्य करने के तरीके को समझाता है। यह चक्र दो तापमानों के बीच काम करता है: उच्च तापमान

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Energy Storage Technologies: PHS, CAES, Flywheels, and Batteries

Pumped-Hydroelectric Storage (PHS)

Advantages:

  • Massive quantities of energy for relatively long durations.
  • Reliable technology.
  • Long life.
  • Low self-discharge.
  • Low operation and maintenance costs.
  • Potential use of abandoned mine shafts for coal or groundwater systems to store water and machinery.

Disadvantages:

  • High capital costs (land acquisition, civil works, structures, and mechanical/electrical machinery).
  • Compliance with local regulations.
  • Costs associated with transmission lines.
  • Long development time.
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Best Practices for Effective Brazing

The Importance of Proper Brazing Procedures

Brazing is ideally suited for joining dissimilar metals and is performed at a relatively low temperature. A brazed joint essentially “makes itself”—capillary action, more than operator skill, ensures the distribution of the filler metal into the joint. However, even a properly designed joint can turn out imperfectly if the correct brazing process steps are not followed.

Brazing Process Step 1: Good Fit and Proper Clearances

Brazing uses the principle of

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Welding Copper Alloys: Factors, Defects, and Techniques

Factors Influencing Weldability of Copper and Alloys:

High thermal conductivity, high coefficient of expansion, selection of the design of the union, position of welding, surface condition, vaporization of elements.

Gases Used in Welding:

Oxygen: As fuel gas, oxygen is used. If used, the temperatures reached would be 800 to 1000 º C. As fuel gas, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, or other fuels can be used. However, the acetylene flame with oxygen achieves higher temperatures, providing greater heat

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