The Early Modern Age: Economic, Social, Cultural, and Political Transformations
The Early Modern Age: 1453–1789
Economic Transformations
- Increased agricultural production: tree-field system
- Expansion of craftsmanship: products made in workshops, controlled by guilds
- Intensified commercial activity: surplus production sold in city markets; merchants traveled in search of new markets, establishing trade routes
- Development of mercantile capitalism: capital (money, raw materials, tools, workshops) owned by private individuals, primarily members of the bourgeoisie; economic growth
Introduction to Thermodynamics and Energy Transformations
Thermodynamics
Investigations of energy conversion processes in macroscopic systems as well as properties of matter that takes part in these processes. Thermodynamics is broadly interpreted to include all aspects of energy transformations, including power generation, refrigeration, and relationships among the properties of matter.
Two General Kinds of Thermodynamics
– Phenomenological (Technical) Thermodynamics, which uses the concepts related to measurements made by any macroscopic or mesoscopic scale.
Read MoreNumerical Simulation of Spring-Mass Systems
) A Power Line Pole with a Transformer
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) Calculate the Response Spectrum
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) Derive Equation (3.89) from (3.86)
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) Estimate the System’s Parameters
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) Plot the Inertance Transfer Function
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) Plot the Mobility Transfer Function
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) Calculate the Compliance Transfer Function
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) Calculate the Frequency Response Function
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) Plot the Magnitude of the Frequency Response Function
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) Determine Parameters from Compliance Magnitude Plot
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) Show Bounded-Input, Bounded-Output Stability
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) Show Stability
Read MoreUnderstanding Magnetic Circuits and Fields
Magnetomotive Force
= magnetomotive force (mmf) in (A-t)
N = number of turns in coil (t)
I = current in coil (A)
Magnetic Field Intensity
H = magnetic field intensity
= mmf (A-t)
N = number of turns in coil (t)
I = current in coil (A)
= mean length of magnetic circuit, or section (m)
Flux Density
B = flux density (Wb/m2) or (T)
= magnetic flux (Wb)
A = cross-sectional area (m2)
Magnetic Circuit Equation
= magnetic flux (Wb)
= magnetomotive force (mmf) in (A-t)
= reluctance of magnetic circuit
Energy Conversion and Conservation: Laws, Examples, and Calculations
Energy conversion and conservation
Energy Conversion Energy can be converted from one form to another. The process of changing energy from one form to another is energy conversion. Energy conversions are constantly taking place all around you, often without you noticing. Light bulbs convert electrical energy into thermal energy and electromagnetic energy. In some cases, energy is converted from one form into another in a series of steps. Friction between the match and the matchbox converts some of
Read MoreUnderstanding Sound, Magnetism, and Light: A Comprehensive Overview
Sound
1. Electromagnetic wave (light) vs. mechanical (sound)
Light does not require a medium, while sound does.
2. Types of Waves
Longitudinal, Transverse, Surface
3. Factors Affecting Sound Travel
Density, temperature, and particle quantity
4. How Sound is Processed by the Ear
Function of the outer ear, ear drum, and cochlea
5. Effects of Air Temperature on Sound Travel
Hotter air=faster sound travel, colder air=slower sound travel
6. Relationship Between Frequency and Wavelength
Inverse relationship