Fundamental Concepts in Physics and Biology

Posted by admin on Jul 12, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

Physics Fundamentals

Optics: Formulas and Definitions

Key Optical Formulas

• Refractive Index (Prism Formula): n = sin((A + Dₘ) / 2) / sin(A / 2)
• Displacement Formula: d = (l sin(i – r)) / cos(r)

Sign Conventions and Lens Formulas

• Object Distance (u): Always positive (+)
• Image Distance (v): Real (+) / Virtual (-)
• Magnification (m): Real (-) / Virtual (+)
• Focal Length (f) & Power (P): Convex (+) / Concave (-)
• Lens Behavior:
  • If v > f: Convex lens behavior
  • If v < f: Concave lens behavior
• Refraction at

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Essential Physics Formulas for Mechanics

Posted by admin on Jun 28, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

Kinematics: Motion Equations

Equation of Position

• Xf = Xi + Vit + at²/2
• Xf = at²/2 (when Xi and Vi are zero)

Equation of Velocity

• Vf = Vi + at
• Vf = at (when Vi is zero)
• Vi = -at (rearranged)

Acceleration Formulas

• a = (Vf – Vi) / (tf – ti) (Average Acceleration)
• a = 2Xf / t² (when Xi and Vi are zero)
• a = -Vi / t (rearranged)
• a = F / m (from Newton’s Second Law)

Time Calculations

• t = -Vi / a (rearranged)

Related Concepts & Formulas

• Average Velocity: V = (Xf – Xi) / (tf – ti)
• Newton’s Second Law: F = m * a

Note:

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Fundamental Physics and Science Concepts Explained

Posted by admin on Jun 27, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule

This rule determines the direction of the force on a current-carrying conductor within a magnetic field.

• If the index finger points in the direction of the magnetic field,
• and the middle finger points in the direction of the current,
• then the thumb indicates the direction of the force on the conductor.

Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule

Used to identify the direction of induced current when a conductor moves in a magnetic field.

• The thumb indicates

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Unveiling the Cosmos: Universe, Galaxies, and Solar System

Posted by admin on Jun 16, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

The Universe

The science that studies the Universe is astronomy.

What is the Universe (Cosmos)?

The Universe, also known as the Cosmos, is everything that exists, encompassing all matter, energy, space, and time.

Origin of the Universe: The Big Bang Theory

The most widely accepted theory regarding the origin of the Universe is the Big Bang Theory:

• Initially, all matter was concentrated in a single point with an extremely high temperature.
• Approximately 13.7 billion years ago, a colossal explosion occurred,

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Fundamentals of Electricity: Quantities, Circuits, and Measurement

Posted by admin on Jun 11, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

1 – Basic Electrical Quantities

The fundamental quantities that characterize electrical power are voltage, current, resistance, and power.

Voltage

The energy with which a generator is able to push electrons through a circuit is called voltage or electromotive force (EMF).

Voltage is also known as potential difference (PD) and is measured in volts (V).

Electric Current

Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge through a circuit per unit time.

Electric current, also called intensity, is measured

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The Sun’s Inner Workings: Energy, Structure, and Activity

Posted by admin on Jun 9, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

The Sun: Our Star’s Energy, Structure, and Activity

Stellar Energy: The Power of Nuclear Fusion

Stars are powered by nuclear reactions involving hydrogen (H) and helium (He).

The source of stellar energy is nuclear fusion: the combining of lighter nuclei into heavier ones. The immense amount of energy released is described by Einstein’s famous equation: E = mc².

The greater the nuclear binding energy, the more stable the nucleus.

Conditions for Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear fusion only occurs at temperatures

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