Data Structures Concepts: Lists, Dictionaries, Trees, Graphs
Lists
Ordered (different from sorted) and linear.
Duplicates allowed.
Implementation: Array list: good for iteration, resizable; add = slide to right, remove = slide to left to close gap. Linked list: nodes & pointers, no shifting, grows dynamically, good for lots of insertions/deletions.
Core operations: add(newEntry), add(pos, newEntry), remove(pos, newEntry), replace(pos, newEntry), getEntry(pos), contains(entry), toArray(), getLength – numberOfEntries, isEmpty(), clear(). Helper methods: ensureCapacity,
Geography Fundamentals: Physical and Atmospheric Concepts
Physical vs Human Geography
Physical Geography focuses on natural systems & processes (weather, climate, landforms). Human Geography focuses on culture, population, and cities.
Atmospheric Structure
- Pressure & density decrease with height.
- Temperature pattern by layer:
- Troposphere: $\downarrow$
- Stratosphere: $\uparrow$
- Mesosphere: $\downarrow$
- Thermosphere: $\uparrow$
- Inversion: Temperature increases with height in a layer.
- Temperature $\uparrow$ means molecules move faster.
Maps & Coordinates
- Global
Myanmar Village Rituals, Offerings and Family Traditions
ရွာပွဲနှင့် မျိုးဆက်အလေ့များ
်ေပဝရံ ဧသာန်ရပ်တွင်မှ ကံစပ်ကာ ဂဟေဆော်ကြ သူငယ်ဖော် အရွယ်ကောင်းတွေပေါ့ ဆယ်ချောင်းစီ ဆလံမြှောက် ပေါင်းရှစ်ယောက် ကောက်စိုက်သူ။
အေးချိုချို တေးအဆို လိုက်ကာပ
Bacterial and Viral Pathogen Profiles: Identification and Management
Pathogen Profiles: Identification and Management
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Identification
- Gram + Coccus: Oval cells arranged in pairs or short chains.
Form of Transmission
Often dwells in the pharynx or nasopharynx of healthy people. Spreads to the lungs, sinuses, ears, and meninges. It is common in children, adults living with them, and people with low levels of protective antibodies against the pneumococcus. It spreads easily from person to person through droplets of saliva. Diffusivity increases during
Read MoreModern Britain: Empire, Industry, and Social Upheaval
The Birth of Modern Britain: Empire, Industry, and Identity
The British Empire was not a monolithic entity but a complex, often contradictory system that evolved through opportunism, economic ambition, and military dominance.
Adam Smith’s Skepticism:
dismissed the idea of a coherent empire, calling it a “Project of an empire”—a haphazard collection of colonies and trade networks driven by profit rather than a unified vision.
Palmerston’s Imperial Pride:
By contrast, 19th-century statesman
Read MoreNapoleon’s Defeat and the Congress of Vienna
Napoleon’s Downfall and European Reaction
Being isolated caused England to intervene on too many fronts, from Spain to Russia; it is impossible to be victorious in all of them.
Spain: The Guerrilla War
Spain: Napoleon’s military difficulties began in Spain. The Spanish people refused to accept Napoleon’s brother as king and began a guerrilla war, which earned France a continuous drain of men and resources. Also in Spain, France received military aid from England.
The Russian Campaign Disaster
Napoleon
Read MoreEstimating Business Profitability and Working Results
Profitability Projections (Estimates of Working Results)
The estimates of working results may be prepared along the following lines:
Cost of Production
This represents the cost of materials, labour, utilities, and factory overheads as calculated earlier.
Total Administrative Expenses
This consists of:
- Administrative salaries
- Remuneration to directors
- Professional fees
- Light, postage, telegrams, and telephones, and office supplies (stationery, printing, etc.)
- Insurance and taxes on office property
- Miscellaneous
AI Strategy, Competitive Advantage, and Business Model Innovation
The Necessity of AI Strategy and the Exponential Gap
AI strategy is critical for companies today because it determines their capacity to navigate the exponential age and dictates whether they can achieve competitive growth.
The exponential gap refers to the significant difference between traditional companies that grow linearly and high-performing companies that achieve exponential growth, driven primarily by the adoption of AI. To close this gap and remain competitive, companies must undergo a digital
Read MoreLiberalism, Neoliberalism and Economic Nationalism
The Evolution of Liberalism
Liberalism has not died, but has continuously evolved in response to economic crises, social change, and political pressures. Although its principles have been challenged at different moments in history, liberalism remains one of the most influential traditions in international political economy and continues to shape global economic institutions and policy debates.
Classical Liberalism and Its Principles
Classical liberalism emerged in the late eighteenth century with thinkers
Read MorePharmacology Concepts: Drugs, Receptors, and Signaling
Parasympathomimetics
Definition
Parasympathomimetics are substances that mimic the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system, stimulating cholinergic receptors.
Classification
- Direct-acting: Cholinergic agonists (e.g., acetylcholine, pilocarpine)
- Indirect-acting: Cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., neostigmine, physostigmine)
Acetylcholine Pharmacology
Mechanism
- Muscarinic receptors: Stimulates smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion.
- Nicotinic receptors: Stimulates muscle contraction, ganglionic