English Grammar and Vocabulary Reference Sheet
English Grammar and Vocabulary Reference
Verb Tenses Summary
- Present Simple: Don’t/Doesn’t + base verb (e.g., *work/works*). Questions: Do/Does?
- Past Simple: Didn’t + base verb; Verb + -ed/-irregular (e.g., *worked/went*). Question: Did?
- Future Simple: I will work / won’t + base verb. Question: Will? + subject + base verb (e.g., *Will you work?*).
- Present Continuous: I am/is/are + verb-ing. Negative: I’m not/isn’t/aren’t + verb-ing. Question: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb-ing?
- Past Continuous: I was/were
Slovak Republic Administrative Structure and Economic Profile
Administrative Division of Slovakia: Structure and Geography
The administrative division of the Slovak Republic (SR) is structured across several levels:
- N1: SR (Slovak Republic)
- N2 Units: Bratislava (BA), West Slovakia (WSK), Central Slovakia, Eastern Slovakia.
- N3: 8 self-governing regions.
- N4: 79 districts.
- N5: 2,891 towns and villages (settlements where people live).
Regional Characteristics
Regarding area size and population:
- Smallest Region (Area): BA
- Biggest Region (Area): BB (Banská Bystrica Region)
Foundational Principles of the U.S. Legal Framework
Foundational Legal Concepts
- Attorney-Client Privilege: Clients’ communications are kept private when seeking legal advice.
- Confidentiality: Client information cannot be revealed.
- Definition of Law: Rules established by the government, enforceable by punishment.
- Legal System Definition: Institutions, procedures, and rules that establish and enforce norms.
- Legal Morality: Just because something is legal does not mean it is morally correct.
- Justice: Fair and impartial treatment to all individuals under
Instructional Methods for Language Acquisition
Product Versus Process
Product Focus
- Stages: Introduce topic, language input, controlled practice, writing.
- Pros (+): Time-efficient; more guidance leads to greater confidence and familiarity.
- Cons (-): Limited creativity; no collaboration; focus solely on the final product.
Process Focus
- Stages: Introduce topic, brainstorm vocabulary ideas, first draft, feedback correction, second draft editing, and presentation.
- Pros (+): Collaboration; clear stages; more holistic development (all skills).
- Cons (-): Time-
J.H. Newman: Consistency of Multiform Truth in Academia and Science
J.H. Newman on the Consistency of Multiform Truth in Academia and Science
A University’s Call for Intellectual Harmony
Cardinal Newman articulates a profound vision for intellectual unity, asserting that diverse fields of study—from theology to geology—must ultimately converge upon a single, consistent truth. He asks scholars to proceed with confidence, even when facing momentary conflicts.
The Request for Neighbourly Speculation and Research
“I am making no outrageous request, when, in the name
Read MoreWorld Wars and the American Century: 1914–1945
World War I: Causes, Conflict, and Consequences
The Four Main Causes of WWI
Explain the significance and key people or parties involved/impacted:
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (MAIN)
- Nationalism: Pride in one’s national identity. Cultures desired self-determination without foreign interference.
- Imperialism: The process of turning colonies into “empires,” leading to intense competition between nations.
- Militarism: The development of stronger armed forces and weapons in competition with
Essential 15-Marker Answers for International Relations Exams
High-Scoring 15-Marker Answers for International Relations
Below are full-length, high-scoring 15-marker answers covering all requested topics in International Politics. These explanations are written in clear, academic English, expanded for detail, easy to understand, and perfect for exam preparation.
✅ 15-Marker Answers – Full Detailed Explanations
1. Meaning and Nature of International Politics
International Politics (IP) refers to all political interactions and relationships among sovereign
Read MoreNietzsche’s Core Concepts: Will to Power and Eternal Recurrence
The Will to Power: A Dual Interpretation
The riddle of the Will to Power has two possible readings: a worldview beyond good and evil as a struggle of chaotic and unequal forces, and an interpretation of the individual as an eternal conflict of passions.
The World as Chaos of Forces
In the first case, against the science that sees the world as a cosmos, an ordered whole and balanced forces, Nietzsche asserts that the entire universe is a chaos of forces in perpetual struggle. Is this chaos good or bad?
Read MoreChallenges in Indian Financial Services: Assessing Weaknesses Post-Reform
Indian Financial Services: Weaknesses Despite Legislative Measures
Introduction
The financial services sector is the backbone of any economy as it facilitates savings, investments, and capital formation. In India, this sector has witnessed several reforms and legislative measures, such as the establishment of SEBI, RBI regulations, and liberalization policies, aimed at strengthening the financial system. However, despite these initiatives, the Indian financial services sector still faces persistent
Read MorePlato’s Core Philosophy: Forms, Justice, and the Ideal State
Platonic Theory of Forms
Plato’s philosophy is driven by the political necessity of establishing eternal and immutable justice, countering the instability of political power and moral relativism.
Dualism of the World
Plato distinguishes between two realms:
- The World of Sense (Sensible World): Characterized by change and impermanence. This realm is perceived through the senses and yields mere opinion (doxa), not true science.
- The World of Ideas (Intelligible World): Intangible, eternal, and unchanging.