Sociology of Space and Architecture: Social Groups, Proxemics, Institutions
1. Sociology and Social Groups
Sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior, examining how people interact in groups ranging from small personal units to large institutions.
Primary Social Groups
- Small, intimate, face-to-face groups (micro level).
- Primary agents of socialization.
- Fulfill emotional needs and shape identity.
- Examples: family, close friends, married couples.
- Members are allowed into intimate space (0–50 cm).
Secondary Social Groups
- Large, formal, impersonal groups (macro level)
Data Structures and Algorithms Code Snippets
Data Structures and Algorithms Implementations
Merge Sort Implementation
The mergeSort method recursively divides the array and then merges the sorted halves.
public static void mergeSort(int[] array) {
int length = array.length;
if (length <= 1)
return;
int middle = length / 2;
int[] leftArray = new int[middle];
int[] rightArray = new int[length - middle];
int j = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
if (i < middle)
leftArray[i] =The Nine Ways We Lie: Understanding Deception and Trust
The Many Forms of Deception
Lying is a common practice; it is something we all do. Sometimes the falsehoods are small, sometimes they are bigger, but deception is always present. In her essay The Ways We Lie, Stephanie Ericsson explains that lying isn’t just one thing—it serves different purposes, such as:
- To protect ourselves.
- To dodge responsibility.
- To make life easier.
The problem is that even the “harmless” lies deteriorate trust and honesty, distort communication, and weaken personal integrity.
Read MoreCriminology Concepts: Labeling, Conflict, and Data Measurement
Criminological Paradigms
- Interactionism
- Critical Theory
Key Principles of Labeling Theory
The focus is on what happens after the action, not what preceded or caused the action.
Primary Deviance
- Occasional or situational behavior that may be excused or rationalized by the actor or the audience.
- The initial act of deviance that goes relatively unpunished.
Secondary Deviance
- Deviant behavior triggered by social reactions that follow primary deviance.
- Deviance that occurs after a person is labeled criminal.
Deviance
Read MoreThe State and Sovereignty in Political Science
Functions and Nature of the State
In political science, understanding the boundaries and functions of the State is essential, as the term is often colloquially confused with “government,” “society,” or “nation.”
Primary Functions of the Modern State
The modern state serves two primary categories of functions: Essential (Compulsory) and Welfare (Optional).
Essential Functions
These are required for the very survival and identity of the state:
- Protection of Sovereignty: Maintaining a military to defend
Clinical Protocols for Major Chronic Diseases in Kazakhstan
1. Arterial Hypertension (AH): Diagnosis and Management
Topics Covered: Epidemiology of arterial hypertension (AH), classification, risk stratification (SCORE scale assessment of cardiovascular risk), laboratory and instrumental diagnostics of AH, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis of elevated blood pressure, and management strategy based on the degree of hypertension, risk groups, and comorbidities.
AH Management Summary:
Arterial Hypertension (AH) is a widespread chronic disease and a major
Read MoreData Structure Algorithms: Linked Lists, Trees, and Hashing
SINGLY LINKED LIST
// Insert at beginning 0
Algorithm InsertAtBeginning(data)
:1. NewNode = (Node*)malloc(sizeof(Node))2. NewNode->data = data3. NewNode->next = head4. head = newNode
// Insert at endAlgorithm InsertAtEnd(data):1. NewNode = (Node*)malloc(sizeof(Node))2. NewNode->data = data3. NewNode->next = NULL4. If head == NULL:
head = newNodeElse:temp = headWhile temp->next != NULL:temp = temp->nexttemp->next = newNode;
// Insert at position Algorithm InsertAtPos(data, pos):1.
Read MoreUnderstanding Business Ventures: Risks, Rewards, and Creative Techniques
Defining Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching, and managing a new business venture that typically involves innovation, risk-taking, and the goal of achieving financial and social value.
At its core, it is the ability and willingness to identify market opportunities, organize the necessary resources (capital, labor, technology), and overcome challenges to create a new product, service, or process that addresses a market need. The entrepreneur is the individual who
Read MoreUX Design Workflow: Wireframing, Prototyping, and Testing
Unit IV: Wireframing, Prototyping, and Usability Testing
1. Sketching Principles
- Quick Representation: Use sketches to visualize and communicate ideas quickly.
- Clarity Over Detail: Focus on the layout and structure; details can be added later.
- Iterative: Sketch multiple variations of designs to explore different solutions.
- Use Gestures: Don’t get bogged down by perfection; use simple lines and shapes to represent key elements.
- Feedback: Share sketches early to gather insights from users or team members.
DBMS Architecture, Roles, and Interfaces
Database Interfaces
A DBMS provides various interfaces to suit different types of users (from non-technical clerks to expert administrators).
- Menu-Based Interfaces: Primarily used for web clients and browsing. Users are presented with a list of options (menus) and do not need to know any query language.
- Forms-Based Interfaces: Common for “naive users.” Users interact by filling out fields in a form (e.g., a bank account registration form). The DBMS then handles the insertion or retrieval.
- Graphical