Money Supply & Inflation: Definitions and Measurement
Concept of Money Supply
Money supply refers to the amount of money in circulation within an economy at any given time. It is the total stock of money held by the people, including individuals, firms, and state constituent bodies, excluding the State Treasury, Central Bank, and Commercial Banks. Cash balances held by federal and federating governments with the Central Bank and in treasuries are not considered part of the money supply because they are created through administrative and non-commercial
Read MoreCore Organic Chemistry Principles
Stereochemistry Fundamentals
Enantiomer
An enantiomer is a type of stereoisomer that is a non-superimposable mirror image of another molecule. Enantiomers have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms but differ in their three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in space.
Meso Compound
A meso compound is a type of stereoisomer that has a superimposable mirror image, despite having chiral centers. Meso compounds are achiral molecules with chiral centers.
d/l Notation
The d/l notation refers
Read MoreMineral Classification, Formation, and Global Deposits
Types of Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring solid substances with a defined chemical composition and crystal structure. They are broadly categorized into several classes based on their chemical makeup:
Native Elements
Formed by atoms of a single element. These are mostly metals (e.g., iron, copper, silver, gold). Other non-metallic elements also occur natively (e.g., sulfur, graphite, diamond).
Sulfides
Formed by the combination of sulfur with one or more metals. They are important ores (sources
Read MoreSpanish Literary Movements: Realism, Modernism, and Generations
Realism
Realism, emerging in the second half of the 19th century, reflects everyday life and social realities. It objectively and plausibly depicts truth in all aspects, particularly in late 19th-century Spain.
Lyrical Poetry
Ramón de Campoamor, known for his anti-romanticism, explored themes of dolor (pain) and humor (mood).
Theater
Theater flourished with José Echegaray, who developed the ‘high comedy’ or ‘comedia alta’.
Narrative
The Spanish literary realist tradition, influenced by European realism,
Read MoreUnderstanding Genetic Modification and Climate Change
How to Create a Transgenic Organism
The process of creating a transgenic organism involves two main stages:
- Gene Introduction: In the first stage, the desired gene is introduced into the genome of a cell from the target organism.
- Regeneration: The second stage involves regenerating a complete plant or animal from the modified cell, often utilizing cloning techniques.
Applications of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Food Industry: Creating foods with special characteristics.
- Pharmaceutical Industry:
Product Registration Form for Inventory System
Product Registration Form
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Psychology’s Origins: Key Schools and Influential Thinkers
Early Foundations of Psychology
The term “Psychology” originates from the Greek word Psyche, meaning spirit, soul, or mind. Initially defined as the “study of the soul,” its scientific definition evolved significantly, moving away from the intangible concept of the soul.
Wilhelm Wundt and Experimental Psychology
Modern psychology as a science was formally established in 1879 with Wilhelm Wundt’s creation of the first Experimental Psychology Laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. Wundt, originally a physiologist,
Read MoreBiological Molecules: Elements, Compounds, and Water in Cells
Chemical Foundations of Life
Elements: Building Blocks of Matter
Elements are fundamental substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. The smallest unit of an element is an atom, which is made of only one kind of atom.
Key Elements in Living Organisms:
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Sulfur
Compounds: Molecules of Life
Compounds are formed when two or more elements combine chemically. Most substances in living things are compounds. The smallest unit of a compound is a molecule.
Read MoreEnglish Romanticism: Key Concepts, Authors, and Literary Movements
The Importance of Individualism in Romanticism
There was a new emphasis on the significance of the individual. The Romantics saw individuals essentially in a solitary state. They exalted the atypical, the outcast, and the rebel.
The Gothic Novel: Themes and Characteristics
An increasing interest in individual consciousness revealed itself in fiction. It was marked by a taste for the strange and the mysterious, an impulse for freedom and escape from the ‘ugly world,’ and the fear of the triumph of evil
Read MoreCompany Formation Steps and Requirements
Company Formation Procedures
| NAME | DEFINITION | PLACE |
| NEGATIVE CERTIFICATION OF NAME | The first step is to obtain a certificate from the Central Business Register stating that no other company has the same or an identical name. | Section of denomination of the Central Business Register. |
| CAPITAL INCOME IN A CURRENT ACCOUNT | Capital can be deposited in any bank. A certificate will be required. The amount to be deposited depends on the company type:
| Any bank or savings |