Intracranial Pathology: Brain Tumors, ICP, and Abscess Management
Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
The skull is a rigid compartment. Any added volume (tumor, blood, edema, or CSF) raises the Intracranial Pressure (ICP). ICP is considered elevated when it is greater than 20 mmHg (normal is typically less than 15 mmHg).
The relationship between ICP and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) is critical: CPP = MAP − ICP. A rising ICP reduces CPP, leading to cerebral ischemia.
Causes of Elevated ICP
- Intracranial mass (tumor, hematoma, large infarct)
- Cerebral edema
- Hydrocephalus
Python Programming Examples: Financial, Retail, and Travel Systems
1. Automated Teller Machine (ATM) System
Problem Summary: Create a menu allowing users to Deposit, Withdraw, Change PIN, and Check Balance. Key Logic: Use a while True loop to keep the program running until the “Exit” option is chosen.
Initial Setup
# --- INITIAL SETUP ---
balance = 5000 # Starting money
pin = 1234 # Default PIN
print("--- WELCOME TO ATM ---")ATM Operations Loop
while True:
# 1. Display Menu [cite: 16]
print("\n1. Deposit 2. Withdraw 3. Check Balance 4. Change PIN Core Concepts in Social Science and Philosophy
Foundations of Social and Natural Sciences
- Social Science
- The foundation and growth of human society.
- Natural Science
- Explains and predicts phenomena in nature.
- Political Science
- The study of politics, institutions, and its processes.
- Sociology
- The scientific study of society.
- Anthropology
- The study of human beings, their origins, society, and cultures.
Fundamental Sociological Concepts
- Institution
- An organized system of social relationships that represents society’s common values.
- Social Relationships
- Relationships
Relational Database Theory: Algebra, Calculus, and FDs
SQL Constraints and Implementation
Constraints are rules applied to columns to ensure Data Integrity. They are usually defined during the CREATE TABLE process.
| Constraint | SQL Implementation Example | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| NOT NULL | name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL | Ensures a column cannot have an empty value. |
| UNIQUE | email VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE | Ensures all values in a column are different. |
| PRIMARY KEY | id INT PRIMARY KEY | Uniquely identifies each row (implies NOT NULL + UNIQUE). |
| FOREIGN KEY | dept_id INT REFERENCES Dept(id) | Ensures the value exists |
Mastering English Sentence Structure and Connectors
Common Connectors and Adverbs: Usage Contrast
Contrasting Uses of Conjunctions and Adverbs
But
Used for contrast or destination.
Example: Do not go over today, but tomorrow.
If
Introduces a condition. Note: Check if removing “not” changes the sentence meaning.
Example: He said if I died with him.
Because
Causal conjunction (Since, For).
Example: They moved slowly because it was dangerous.
Why (Relative)
Used as a relative element (e.g., ‘the reason why’).
Example: The walking trail was ugly. (Note: This example
Acting Techniques: Improvisation and Character Building
Unit II – Acting and Improvisation (12 Hours)
1. Introduction to Acting
Acting is the art of representing a character on stage or screen through speech, movement, and emotion.
It requires understanding human behavior and expressing it truthfully in imaginary situations.
The goal of acting is to make the audience believe in the character and situation.
2. Improvisation in Acting
Improvisation means performing without a written script, relying on creativity and spontaneity.
It helps actors explore emotions,
Business Strategy: Value Chain, Five Forces & E-commerce
What Is Porter’s Value Chain Model?
It is a strategic business tool introduced by Michael Porter.
It helps a company analyze its internal activities to see how it creates value for its customers.
The “value” is the amount customers are willing to pay for a product or service.
The goal is to identify activities where the company can reduce costs or add more value (differentiation) to gain a competitive advantage.
The model splits a company’s activities into two categories: Primary Activities and Support
Geothermal Energy: Sources, Fields and Practical Uses
Geothermal Energy: Heat Within the Earth
Geothermal energy is the heat energy stored within the Earth. This heat originates mainly from:
- Residual heat from the Earth’s formation
- Heat generated by radioactive decay of elements like uranium, thorium, and potassium
Geothermal energy can be harnessed for electricity generation, space heating, industrial processes, and direct heating applications. It is considered a renewable, reliable, and environmentally friendly energy source.
2. Nature of Geothermal
Read MoreIndustrial IoT Architecture, Security, and Frameworks
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) Fundamentals
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) connects devices, machinery, and systems in the industrial sector to enable real-time data collection, analysis, and control. The main goal is to improve efficiency, productivity, and safety using real-time data and analytics.
IIoT utilizes sensors (to collect data), connectivity (Wi-Fi, cellular, Bluetooth), and software (to analyze data and optimize processes). IIoT is widely used in manufacturing, logistics,
Read MoreStatistical Methods and Excel Techniques for Data Analysis
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics is a branch of statistics used to summarize, organize, and describe the main features of a dataset. It helps in understanding data using numerical measures like mean, median, mode, variance, and standard deviation.
1. Mean
- Mean is the average value of a dataset.
- It is calculated by dividing the sum of all observations by the total number of observations.
- It gives a general idea about the overall data value.
- Formula: Mean = (Sum of all values) / (Number of