Mastering Active and Passive Voice in English

Verb Tenses: Active and Passive Voice

Present Simple

  • Active: Cultivan (They grow)
  • Passive: Es cultivado (It is grown) / Están cultivados (They are grown) / Está siendo cultivado (It is being grown)

Future Simple

  • Active: Cultivarán (They will grow) / Van a cultivar (They are going to grow)
  • Passive: Será cultivado (It will be grown) / Va a ser cultivado (It is going to be grown)

Past Simple

  • Active: Cultivaron (They grew)
  • Passive: Fue cultivado (It was grown)

Present Perfect

  • Active: Han cultivado (They have
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Key Concepts in English Grammar and Vocabulary

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countables: Use a few and many. Examples: a few hours, many people, many drops. You can use ‘a lot of’ at the end of a sentence.

Uncountables: Use a little and much. Examples: a little time, much sugar, much makeup, much money. You can use ‘a lot of’.

Prepositions of Place and Time

  • AT: Specific places (at home), weekends (at the weekend), expressions with ‘about’ (at about…).
  • IN: General places like cities or rooms (in a room), evenings (in the evening).
  • ON: Surfaces
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Business English Vocabulary and Grammar

Business English Vocabulary

Vocabulary:

  • Account: Cuenta
  • Accounts Department: Contabilidad
  • Accountant: Contable
  • AGM (Annual General Meeting): Junta General
  • Apply for: Solicitar
  • Appoint: Nombrar
  • Board of Directors: Junta Directiva
  • CEO (Chief Executive Officer): Director General
  • Chairman: Presidente
  • Facilities: Instalaciones, Medios
  • Finance (to): Financiar
  • Franchise: Franquicia
  • Manager: Director, Encargado, Responsable
  • Managing Director: Director General
  • Payroll: Nómina
  • Range: Gama
  • Share: Participación, Acción
  • Shareholder:
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Business Correspondence: Letters, Emails, and Resumes

Business Letter Structure

Left-aligned: Your Name and Address

Left-aligned: Recipient (e.g., The Production Manager, LG Ltd.)

Recipient’s Address (e.g., Brown Street, Singapore)

Optional (for internal memos): “Private and Confidential”

Right-aligned: Date (e.g., 1 January 2001)

Left-aligned: Salutation

  • Dear Sir or Madam
  • Dear Mr./Mrs./Miss [Last Name]
  • Messrs (for multiple male recipients)
  • Dr./Prof. [Last Name]

Left-aligned: Subject of Letter (e.g., Visit to Japan)

Body Paragraph(s): Use future tense constructions

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Essential Vocabulary for Business Meetings, Travel & Health

Topic 9

Scheduling Meetings

Attend, asistir / Break, descanso / Busy, ocupado / Check your calendar, comprobar tu agenda / Confirm, confirmar / Equipment, equipo / Free, gratis / Give a presentation, dar una presentación / Hold a meeting, celebrar una reunión / Light refreshments, refrescos ligeros / Make arrangements, hacer preparativos / Participant, participante / Previous commitment, cita previa / Projector, proyector / Schedule, agendar / Sharp, afilado / Take place, tener lugar / Tied up,

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Mastering English: Grammar, Vocabulary, and Common Mistakes

Personal Qualities and Vocabulary

A person who works a lot is hard-working. A person who is not afraid is brave. A person who is optimistic is also positive. A person who likes to give things to others is generous. A person who likes to do things on his/her own is independent. A person who tells other people what they have to do is bossy. A person who likes rules and discipline is strict. A person who works hard to reach their objectives is determined. A person who expects a lot from others is demanding.

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