Molecular Biology Essentials: DNA, RNA, and Gene Function
Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
RNA Nucleotide Components
An RNA nucleotide consists of three main parts:
- A ribose molecule
- A phosphate group
- A nitrogenous base
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein.
Gene Expression and Regulation
Impact of Promoter Sequence Mutations
A mutation in the promoter sequence of a gene might prevent RNA polymerase from binding. As a result, the gene would not be transcribed.
DNA Preparation for RNA Synthesis
Before RNA polymerase
Read MoreCiclo de la Reproducción Humana y Desarrollo Sexual
La Reproducción Humana
Las personas nos reproducimos sexualmente: las hembras producen gametos femeninos llamados óvulos y los machos producen gametos masculinos llamados espermatozoides. Estas dos células se unen para formar el cigoto.
La fecundación es interna, es decir, el óvulo y el espermatozoide se unen en el tracto reproductivo interno femenino. El desarrollo del nuevo ser ocurre dentro del aparato reproductor femenino; somos vivíparos.
Procesos Clave de la Reproducción Humana
La reproducción
Read MoreHuman Reproductive System: Core Concepts
Human Reproduction: Core Concepts
The zygote is the first cell of a new living organism. The genetic material of this cell results from the combination of genetic material from the sperm and the egg.
The placenta links the mother’s circulatory system to the embryo’s, extending within the umbilical cord. It is a selective barrier that prevents the two bloods from mixing together, but which allows nutrients to be transferred from the mother’s blood to the embryo’s blood, and waste substances to be transferred
Read MoreHuman Body Systems: Anatomy and Functions Explained
The Circulatory System: Heart, Blood Vessels, and Blood
The circulatory system is the body’s vital transport network, powered by the heart.
The Heart: Engine of Circulation
The heart is the main organ of the circulatory system, acting as its ‘engine’. In humans, it is located in the mediastinum, in the middle of the chest. It is a hollow organ with strong, muscular walls, slightly larger than a clenched fist. The heart is divided by partitions into four chambers: two upper atria and two lower ventricles.
Read MoreHuman Body Systems: Functions, Organs, and Homeostasis
Human Body Systems and Homeostasis
This document provides a comprehensive look at the major human body systems and their vital role in maintaining homeostasis.
Muscular System
- Function: Movement, stability, posture, and heat production.
- Main Organs: Muscles, including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and facilitate movement. Smooth muscles are found in organs like the stomach and intestines, aiding internal movement. Cardiac muscle is unique to the heart,
Read MoreEnzyme Activity Control and Genetic Engineering Techniques
Enzyme Activity Regulation
Any substance that reduces the velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be called an inhibitor. The inhibition of enzyme activity is one of the major regulatory mechanisms of the cell. It is of the following types:
Types of Enzyme Inhibition
Competitive Inhibition
Here, organic molecules compete with the substrate for binding at the active site of the enzyme. Such inhibitors show a close resemblance to the substrate of the enzyme. Instead of the enzyme-substrate complex,