Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis: Energy Processes
Cellular Respiration: Stages and Significance
Aerobic respiration, mediated by the aerobic cell, covers the transformation of pyruvic acid into acetyl-CoA, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation. Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is completely oxidized to CO2 and water, but little use is made of O2 as the final electron acceptor.
Stages of Aerobic Respiration
- Transformation of pyruvic acid into acetyl-CoA: This is an oxidative decarboxylation catalyzed by a multienzyme
Cellular Metabolism: Enzyme Activity, Metabolic Pathways, and More
Cellular Metabolism Exercises
Exercise 1: Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Fotoautotrophs: Solar radiation light, CO2, algae, plant, cyanobacteria
Quimioautotrophs: Inorganic matter, CO2, sulfur bacteria
Quimioheterotrophs: Organic matter, animal, fish, fungi
2. True or False:
a) Cellular chemoheterotrophs are always aerobic. False, there are chemoheterotrophs that are anaerobic, like yeast in fermentation.
b) Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are mutually exclusive. False, all photosynthetic cells respire.
Read MoreOptimizing Plant Growth: Photosynthesis and Greenhouse Factors
Optimizing Plant Growth in Greenhouses
In many countries where temperature and environmental conditions may not maximize the rate of photosynthesis, plants are grown in greenhouses to control the limiting factors.
Controlled Conditions in Greenhouses:
- Temperature:
- Sunlight heats the inside of the glasshouse.
- The glass prevents a significant amount of this heat from escaping.
- Electric heaters are used in cold weather.
- Light:
- The glass allows sunlight to enter.
- Artificial lights can be used when light intensity
Human Nutrition: Cells, Digestion, and Energy
Cells: The Foundation of Life
Cells are essential to living beings. They are living structures that perform various vital processes.
- Prokaryotes are very simple, unicellular cells. The cell is limited to the plasma membrane, within which is the cytoplasm.
- Eukaryotic cells are multicellular and surrounded by a plasma membrane.
Essential Body Systems
- The digestive system incorporates the nutrients contained in food.
- The respiratory system incorporates oxygen into the body and performs gas exchange.
- The circulatory
Brain Structure and Function: Research Methods
Brain Structure and Function
Sensory/Motor Cortex
- Olfactory/gustatory systems do not have contralateral organization.
- The primary motor cortex controls the contralateral side of the body.
- Left hemisphere: Speech and comprehension.
- Right hemisphere: Non-verbal spatial abilities.
- Lateralization: Functional differences between hemispheres.
- Corpus callosum: Connects hemispheres.
- Basal ganglia: Includes the caudate nucleus, putamen (striatum), and globus pallidus.
- Lesions to this area result in uncontrolled movements
Human Respiratory and Circulatory Systems: Functions and Anatomy
Respiratory System: Anatomy and Functions
The respiratory system facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Here’s a breakdown of its key components:
- Vocal Cords: Located inside the larynx, these two ring-shaped folds vibrate to produce sounds as air passes through them.
- Nostrils: The primary entry point for air, the inner walls of the nostrils warm, humidify, and filter the incoming air using mucus.
- Pharynx: Part of the digestive system, the pharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsils