Understanding Human Circulation and Excretory Systems

Arteries

They take the blood from the heart and carry it towards other organs. They have thick elastic walls with smooth muscle tissue, to resist the high pressure of the heart pumping and control its diameter and capacity. As they branch into thinner vessels, they’re called arterioles.

Blood Plasma

Water with minerals, proteins, and a lot of other dissolved substances (nutrients, wastes, hormones…). About 55% of blood.

  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells): shaped as biconcave disks without a nucleus, they
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Plant Reproduction and Growth: Phloem, Xylem, and Tropisms

Phloem

The phloem moves food substances that the plant has produced by photosynthesis to where they are needed for processes such as:

  • Growing parts of the plant for immediate use
  • Storage organs such as bulbs and tubers
  • Developing seeds

Asexual reproduction generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent.

Step 1: After pollen has landed on the stigma, it goes a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary.
Step 2: The nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube and

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CRISPR-CAS9: Revolutionizing Gene Editing for Humanity

Introduction

Attention Getter: What if I told you, you could all become superhumans. How would this be possible? A spider bite maybe? Nope. Through the potential of CRISPR-CAS9.

Relevance: CRISPR-CAS9 is a revolutionary biotechnology that has multiple implications for humanity.

Thesis: Because this new biotechnology could affect our lives drastically, it is important to at least have an understanding of it and what it could do.

Credibility: I am credible to talk about this because I am well-researched

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Applications and Techniques of Plasmids and Gene Mapping

Properties of Plasmids:

Plasmids have a wide range of applications in various fields, including medicine, biotechnology, agriculture, and environmental science. Here are some of the major applications of plasmids:

  1. Gene cloning and expression: Plasmids are widely used in gene cloning and expression. They can be used to clone genes of interest and express them in host cells.
  2. Bioremediation: Plasmids are used in bioremediation, which is the process of using microorganisms to degrade or remove pollutants
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Cell Biology: Elements, Microscopes, and Cell Structures

Ch. 6: Natural Elements in Living Things

C, O, N, H

Molecular Chains

Carbon can form large molecules

Monomers

Small molecules

Polymers

A large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together

Carbohydrates

An organic compound in ratio of 1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen (sugars)

Lipids

Fats, oil, waxes (C, O, H)

Proteins

Built by amino acids (C, H, O, N), enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction

Nucleic Acid

Composed of nucleotides

Ch. 7: Development of Electron Microscopes

In the

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The Earth’s Complex Systems and Ecosystems

1. The Earth: A Complex System

The Gaia hypothesis, described in the text at the beginning of this unit, states that the planet Earth behaves like a system. Furthermore, it can be considered a complex system, because it is made up of interacting subsystems.

Atmosphere: Mix of gases which forms the outer layer of the planet.

Hydrosphere: All the planet’s water, including water contained in living things.

Geosphere: Subsystem made up of minerals, rocks and soil

Biosphere: Subsystem made up of all living

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