Key Concepts in Health and Disease

Types of Diseases

Diseases can be categorized in various ways:

  • Infectious and Parasitic Diseases: cholera, influenza.
  • Tumors: benign tumors, cancer.
  • Hemic and Immune System Diseases: anemia, coagulopathy.
  • Mental and Behavioral Disorders: depression, intellectual disability.
  • Nervous System Diseases: meningitis, neuropathies.
  • Diseases of the Sense Organs: blindness, otitis.
  • Respiratory System Diseases: bronchitis, asthma.
  • Digestive System Diseases: caries, appendicitis.
  • Skin Diseases: dermatitis, alopecia.
  • Congenital
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Understanding Disease and Evolutionary Biology

Disease Concepts and Control

Re-emerging and Emerging Diseases

Re-emerging diseases: Caused by germs in an unknown state that may have been hidden for a long time and then appear suddenly, like Ebola or tuberculosis.

Emerging diseases: Mutations may occur. Includes past illnesses that remain with us, such as cholera, tuberculosis, dengue, malaria.

Infectious Agents

Infectious agents: Pathogenic microorganisms that cause diseases. They are those that invade our body, called the host, and reproduce within

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Key Genetic Principles: Heredity, Variation, and Technology

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Gregor Mendel established fundamental principles of heredity, known as Mendel’s Laws:

  • Law of Uniformity: When crossing two pure breeds (homozygous individuals with different alleles for a trait), all first filial (F1) generation descendants are genetically uniform and phenotypically identical, expressing the dominant trait if one exists.
  • Law of Segregation: The two hereditary factors (alleles) for each character do not fuse but remain differentiated throughout an individual’
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Essential Microbiology & Immunology Terms

Sterilization:

Destroying all microorganisms existing in any substrate.

Chemotherapeutic Agents:

Antimicrobial agents used effectively to combat infectious microbes.

Pasteurization:

Used to eliminate most microorganisms from foods.

Disinfectants:

Kill microorganisms that cause disease but do not necessarily destroy all forms (like spores).

Antiseptics:

Substances used to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes present on skin or wounds.

Selective Toxicity:

Ability to kill or inhibit disease-causing microbes

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Understanding Human Reproductive Processes and Health

FUNCTION.REPRO – GAMETOGENESIS: Gametes are formed in gonads.

Fertilization

: Internal joining of two gametes forms the zygote.

Embryo Development

: The zygote undergoes cell division until it becomes an embryo that continues developing into a fetus.

Childbirth

: The baby is born alive and fully formed.

Development

: The baby grows and reaches maturity (adulthood).

Changes at Sexual Maturity

Primary Sex Characteristics:

Puberty

: For people to reproduce, organs must mature (ages of 10 to 16).

Sex Hormones

:
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Human Body Structure and Organization

Levels of Human Body Organization

The human body is composed of many elements, atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and systems.

  • Elements: Basic substances that make up matter.
  • Atoms: The smallest units of elements that form living organisms.
  • Molecules: Components from which cells build their structures.
  • Cells: The basic unit of living beings.
  • Tissue: A group of specialized cells associated to perform a specific function.
  • Organs: Formed by different tissues working together for a specific function.
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