Evolution of Earth’s Structure and Plate Tectonics

First World Atlas – 1570, Abraham Ortelius

North America and Europe can be fitted together. Biblical Flood.1600, Francis Bacon

An ancestral continent.
Mobilism – mountains made by shifting continents.
Permanentism – Continents are fixed in position connected by land bridges which sink to create oceans.
1858, Antonio Snider Pellegrini

Earth’s plan -Continents move as sheets by tidal centripetal forces.1910, Frank Taylor

Continental drift and Pangea
Used distribution of coal mines and glacial deposits, match

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Formation and Types of Volcanoes: A Comprehensive Overview

Volcanoes generally form along the edge of the tectonic plate which prevails over a subduction zone. Cracks in the crust caused by the instability of the overlying plate allow magma to move towards the surface and form a magma chamber. Further cracks in the crust allow magma to be ejected from the chamber and form a volcano.

Lava can be divided into three general groups: basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolithic. Basaltic lava contains 48% – 58% silica, is basic and is very fluid, with a temperature of

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Understanding Soil Degradation and Desertification

Salinization and Leaching

Salinization: salt is drawn upwards from deep layers of soil, creating a thin layer of salt on top of the soil. Leaching: substances such as minerals, nutrients, or contaminants are washed out or carried away from the topsoil.

Soil Composition

Triángulo 50 Clay 30 Silt 20 Sand (LOAM): What’s the balance of clay, silt, and sand for loam? Primary Productivity: The capacity of soil to supply nutrients and water for plant growth.

Impact of Deforestation

How does cutting down trees

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The Influence of the Sun, Moon, and Lithosphere on Earth

Sun and Moon

The Sun is a star

Weather

Activity on the surface of the Sun creates a type of meteorology called space weather.

Space weather

Describes the variations in the spatial environment between the Sun and the Earth.

Climate

Solar radiation heats the atmosphere and is fundamental to atmospheric composition.

Seasons

Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted with respect to its orbital plane. This is what causes the seasons. For example, when the earth’s axis points toward the sun, it is summer for that hemisphere.

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Non-Renewable and Renewable Resources: A Comprehensive Guide

Non-renewable resource

Chat

Renewable resource

Acronym

Natural resource

Acronym expansion

Fossil fuels

Chat room

Greenhouse effect

Recursive acronym

Global warming

Facebook chat

Climate changes

Intact messaging

Atmosphere

Internet relay chat

Ozone

Request

Ecosystem

Deliver

Habitat

Urgent

Weather

Distribute

Precipitation

Appreciate

Climate

Connotation

Coal

Message

Oil

Sense

Air pollution

Publication

The Arctic

ASAP

Endangered species

Avoid

Environmentalists

Behavior

Communication

Identity

Request

Normal

Deliver

Protect

Urgent

Cyber

Distribute

Airport

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Earth’s Layers and Physical Properties: A Comprehensive Overview

Earth’s Layers

-Layering determined by the differences in both chemical composition and physical properties

-On basis of chemical composition: earth has three layers:

  • core (dense inner sphere)

    • Radius 3500 km, 95% iron+ 5% nickel

    • Inner core (solid) we know it’s solid because both p-waves and s-waves pass through it

    • Outer core (liquid) we know it’s liquid because p-waves pass through it but s-waves cannot

  • Mantle (less dense) 2900 km made of rock-peridotite

    • Lower mantle 2400 km (solid)(bottom)

    • Asthenosphere

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