Geological Evolution of the Iberian Peninsula

Precambrian Era

The Iberian Peninsula was located between the African (Gondwana) and European (Laurasia) continental plates, separated by the Tethys Sea. Orogenic movements during this era had minimal impact, primarily affecting the Galician-Leonese Massif, the western Asturian-Leonese Massif, and parts of the Toledo Mountains and Central System.

Paleozoic Era

The Hercynian orogeny, characterized by strong lateral pressures, began during the Carboniferous period. This resulted in the formation of mountain

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Climate and Landscape Plants of Spain

Item 2: Climate and Landscape Plants

Temperature and Precipitation

Temperature Range

The difference between maximum and minimum temperature is called the daily thermal amplitude if measured daily, and the annual temperature range if measured annually. This is calculated by finding the difference between the warmest and coldest months.

Average Temperature

The average temperature is calculated by adding the maximum and minimum temperatures and dividing by two. This can be done monthly or yearly.

Temperature

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Specialty Mortars: Industrial, Screed, Tile, and Monocapa

Specialty Mortars

Industrial Mortars

Industrial wet mortar is a pre-mixed, ready-to-use product. Its components—conglomerates, sand, water, and/or additives—are precisely measured and mixed at a factory. This ensures consistent quality and cost-effectiveness. The additives maintain workability and prevent drying, making it ideal for various applications.

Cement Screed

: are special rules for land for new or restoring beams are dry mortars, cements and special additives. It comes in powder ready

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Natural Resources and Their Exploitation: A Comprehensive Guide

1. Natural Resources

What are Natural Resources?

Natural resources are the various elements of nature that humans utilize for their benefit.

Human Exploitation of Natural Resources

The phrase “mankind increases the exploitation of natural resources far above their growth” highlights the fact that humanity’s consumption of natural resources exceeds the rate at which these resources can replenish themselves. This is known as overexploitation. Examples include the overuse of oil despite its long formation

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Rock Deformation and Geological Processes: A Comprehensive Guide

Rock Deformation

Deformation is the change in shape or volume experienced by rocks undergoing stress.

Types of Deformation:

  • Elastic: The material deforms when subjected to stress but recovers its original shape when the stress stops.
  • Plastic: The material deforms when subjected to stress and does not regain its original shape when the stress ceases to act.
  • Brittle: The stress causes the material to lose internal cohesion and fracture.

Changes in Rock Behavior

At high temperatures and in the presence of

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Workers’ Representation and Rights in Spain

Representation of Workers: The defense of workers’ interests is carried out by:

  • Unions: With the right to intervene in work centers through union sections and union delegates.
  • Delegates of Personnel and Company Committees: Workers elected by their colleagues every 4 years.

Unions: Associations formed by workers with the objective of defending their labor rights and achieving new ones.

Objectives of Unions:

  • Fair wages
  • Better working conditions
  • Stable employment for each person
  • Improved social and economic
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