Spain Under Franco: Economy and Society (1939-1970s)
From 1939 to 1959, the first phase of the Franco dictatorship developed, characterized by political and ideological reaction against the modernization work that began in the Second Republic. Franco concentrated all power and exerted strong control over the various sectors that supported the system while developing strong repression against the losers of the Civil War. Moreover, the regime sought to improve the economic situation and achieve broad social support.
Economic Evolution
The new government
Read MoreEarly Human History and Ancient Civilizations
Prehistory: The Dawn of Human Civilization
Prehistory is the longest and most unknown period of human history. Its study relies on the few and often poorly preserved remains found, leading to hypotheses created through comparative analysis.
Prehistory has evolving chronological boundaries and content that are under perpetual revision. We distinguish two primary phases:
- The Paleolithic
- The Neolithic
The Paleolithic Era: Nomadic Hunters and Early Art
The Paleolithic is characterized by the creation of tools
Read MoreGeospatial Technologies: Core Concepts and Applications
Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Classification in Land Cover Mapping
Computer-assisted classification (CAC) has proven to be an effective and widely used method in land cover mapping, offering significant advantages in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and scalability. By utilizing remote sensing data, such as satellite imagery and aerial photographs, CAC automates the classification of land cover types—forests, water bodies, urban areas, agricultural fields, etc.—based on spectral signatures
Read MoreSpain’s Primary Sector, Industry & Regional Finance
The Primary Sector in Spain
The primary sector in Spain exhibits consistent characteristics since the late last century:
- Decreased rainfed cultivated area, while irrigated land increased.
- Increased forest area due to reduced importance of pastures.
- Growth of unexploited agricultural land and loss of agricultural land due to urban expansion and infrastructure development.
- Growing economic importance of livestock in final agricultural production, with a decline in fisheries and forestry.
- Progressive integration
Key Economic Policies and Development in India
India’s Forest Policy: Key Features of the 2023 Act
India’s forests are critical for ecological balance, biodiversity conservation, livelihood support, and climate regulation. Recognizing this, the Government of India periodically updates its forest policy to address emerging challenges. The most recent forest-related policy reform is the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023, which updates and revises the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
Objectives of India’s Forest Policy
- To
Society, Culture, and Architecture in the Caliphate
The Muslim population showed wide disparities in the city and in rural areas. It was structured in large groups:
Social Structure in Muslim Society
- The Aristocracy: Consisted of families linked to the emirs and caliphs, enjoying political and economic power.
- The Intermediate Social Group: Made up of officials, merchants, craftsmen, small landowners, and farmers who possessed a certain economic level.
- The Great Mass of People: Usually composed of farmers, ranchers, and artisans who had no property, or