Understanding Page Replacement Algorithms

Virtual Memory Management Questions

Page Replacement Algorithms

A computer has four-page frames. The table below shows the time of loading, time of last access, and the R and M bits for each page (the times are in clock ticks):

Which page will each of the following algorithms replace?

  • NRU (Not Recently Used)
  • FIFO (First-In, First-Out)
  • LRU (Least Recently Used)
  • Second Chance

Answers:

  • NRU replaces page 2.
  • FIFO replaces page 3.
  • LRU replaces page 1.
  • Second chance replaces page 2.

Address Space and Page Size

A computer

Read More

Ceramic, Brick, and Stone Cladding Systems: A Detailed Look

Fiber Cement Cladding

Fiber Cement. List the types of ceramic elevation claddings.

Types of Ceramic Elevation Claddings

1. Single Shell Multilayer System (Glued): Small unit (1x12x25, majolica, pressed ceramic tiles), wider joints 3-5mm, heat expansion joints at each 3m. Max tile area 0.12m2, max length 40cm, max thickness 2cm including gluing layer.

2. Double Shell Ventilated System: Pressed ceramic sheets (1/30×60/60x120cm), terracotta (1-2/30×60/60x120cm).

Fiberboard

  1. Loadbearing structure.
  2. Insulation
Read More

Understanding RAM Memory Types and Functionality

Understanding RAM Memory: Types and Functionality

Generalities: Physically, RAM is formed by a series-connected integrated circuit chip, a data bus, and an address bus. There are different types of RAM:

  • ROM (Read-Only Memory): Contains information that cannot be changed, and this information is not cleared at shutdown.
  • RAM (Random Access Memory): The information can be read and modified many times. The information is erased when the RAM is powered off.

Applications are loaded into RAM when the user

Read More

Antonyms and Synonyms: Understanding Word Relationships

Antonyms: Understanding Opposite Meanings

Antonymy refers to the association between two lexical units that have opposite core meanings, at least in some contexts. There are three main types of antonyms:

  • Gradable or Contrary Antonyms: Typically adjectives, these can be placed on a scale. For example, big/small.
  • Complementary Antonyms: These represent true opposites and are mutually exclusive. For example, male/female, dead/alive.
  • Directional Antonyms: These indicate opposite directions. For example,
Read More

Computer System Architecture: CPU, Memory, and I/O

Operating System Fundamentals

The operating system (OS) is a program that acts as an intermediary between a user and the computer hardware (OS kernel). It runs on a computer and strongly depends on its architecture (CPU, bus, devices…).

OS Goals:

  • Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.
  • Make the computer system convenient to use.

Processor (CPU)

The processor executes instructions only from memory. It operates in two modes:

  • System mode (privileged): Can perform all operations.
  • User
Read More

Semantic Change: Types and False Friends

Semantic Change

Types of Semantic Change

  • Foreign influence
    • French parlement “speaking” > “judicial court” > “legislative assembly”
  • Metaphoric transfer
    • The name of an object is transferred to another object similar to it. An imagined link is established between two concepts.
    • insult < Latin insultare < in + saltare
    • grasp “take hold of something”
    • expire < of expirer < Latin ex + spirare
    • mouse “rodent” > “computer device”.
  • Metonymic transfer
    • Metonymic transfer may happen
Read More