Key Telecom Standards & Technologies

Key International Telecommunication Organizations

  • ITU: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating international telecommunications among various administrations and operating companies.
  • IEEE: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a global professional technical association dedicated to standardization, among other things. For example, IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi).
  • IETF: The Internet Engineering Task Force
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Rubrics in Education: Types and Strategies

Advantages of Using Rubrics

Rubrics offer significant advantages for both teachers and students in the assessment process:

  • Promotes clear and healthy learning expectations.
  • Allows teachers to define specific assessment criteria.
  • Provides a record of student progress.
  • Enables teachers to describe different achievement levels qualitatively.
  • Informs students about the grading criteria.
  • Reduces subjectivity in assessment.
  • Easy to use and explain.

Types of Rubrics

There are two main types of rubrics:

1. Comprehensive

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Mass Media: Press, Radio, Television, and Internet

Media

Systems through which information is transmitted to a wider audience are also called mass media. These include the press, radio, and television. Their primary functions are reporting, opinion, and entertainment.

Press

The press is the oldest form of mass communication. The first newspapers in Spain appeared in the 18th century, but it was during the liberal revolution of 1868 that freedom of information truly emerged in the 19th century.

Joint Press Code of Communication

  • Written word: Journalistic
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Understanding RAM, Hard Disks, and Computer Performance

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RAM Technology: DRAM vs. SRAM

RAM technology is divided into two main types:

  • Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
  • Static RAM (SRAM)

DRAM

  • Made with cells that store data as a charge on capacitors.
  • The presence or absence of charge in a capacitor is interpreted as a binary 1 or 0.
  • Requires periodic charge refreshing to maintain data storage.
  • The term *dynamic* refers to the tendency of the stored charge to leak away, even with power continuously applied.

DRAM vs. SRAM: Key Differences

Both DRAM and SRAM are volatile, meaning

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Understanding Communication: Types, Process, and Business

The Nature of Communication

Communication is fundamental to the evolution of human societies, enabling the exchange of information and interaction. It’s a process where two or more people connect to transmit and share information.

Types of Communication

Verbal Communication

Verbal communication involves transmitting messages through words, either:

  • Oral: Using spoken words.
  • Written: Using written words.

Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal communication includes all messages transmitted without spoken words,

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GTO Thyristors, Power MOSFETs, and IGBTs: Features and Uses

GTO (Gate Turn-Off Thyristor)

  • Conventional thyristors (CTs) are nearly ideal switches for use in power electronic applications.
    • These can be easily turned on by a positive gate current.

Once in the on state, the gate loses control.

  • CTs can now be turned off by expensive and bulky commutation circuitry.
    • This shortcoming of thyristors limits their use up to about 1KHz applications.
    • These drawbacks in thyristors have led to the development of GTOs.
  • GTO is a more versatile power semiconductor device.
    • Like a
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