Human Anatomy Essentials: Musculoskeletal System Review
Week 1: Terminology, Skeleton, Joints, and Muscles
Anatomical Terminology
- Planes: Sagittal, coronal, transverse
- Positions: Anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal
- Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
Skeleton
- Bone types: Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
- Classification: Axial vs. appendicular skeleton
Joints
- Types: Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
- Synovial features: Capsule, cavity, synovial membrane, articular cartilage
Muscles
- Components: Origin, insertion, action
- Roles:
Human Anatomy: Skeletal and Muscular System Landmarks
Skeletal System Landmarks
Upper Limb Anatomy
- Clavicle
- Scapula: Spine, acromion, coracoid process, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, and glenoid cavity.
- Humerus: Head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, deltoid tuberosity, olecranon fossa, medial epicondyle, and lateral epicondyle.
- Ulna: Olecranon and styloid process.
- Radius: Radial tuberosity and styloid process.
- Hand: Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal).
Lower Limb Anatomy
- Pelvis: Pubic symphysis,
Understanding Shoulder Anatomy and Muscle Functions
Anatomy of the Shoulder
Trapezius
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Action | Innervation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Levator Scapulae | Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 1-4 | Vertebral border of scapula near superior angle | Elevates scapula | Cervical nerves (C3-C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5) |
| Trapezius | Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae | Acromion and scapular spine | Upper: elevates/upwardly rotates the scapula. Middle: retracts scapula. Lower: depresses/upwardly rotates scapula. When scapula is fixed, |
Columbus’ Voyage and Early American Civilizations
Columbus’s Voyage to America
On August 3, 1492, Italian adventurer Christopher Columbus set sail from Spain to find a new route from Europe to Asia, hoping to open a shorter trade route between the two continents. His intention was to load his three small ships with silks, spices, and gold in Asia and return to Europe a wealthy man.
- Sailed south to the Canary Islands.
- Turned west across the unknown waters of the mid-Atlantic Ocean.
On October 12, he stepped ashore on the beach of a low, sandy island,
Read MoreAmerindians, Settlers, and the American Revolution
Life of Amerindians: Pueblo, Apaches, Iroquois, and Dakota
Christopher Columbus, seeking a new route from Europe to Asia, arrived in America. Mistaking it for Asia, he called the native inhabitants “Indians.” For years, they were known by this name; only recently have the terms Native Americans or Amerindians become common.
The Pueblo
The Pueblo were the most organized of the Amerindian farming peoples. They lived in villages or towns, often built on cliffs for safety. They crafted clothing and blankets
Read MoreShoulder and Arm Muscles: Origins, Insertions, Actions
Deltoid
Origin: Anterior edge of the collarbone, lateral acromion edge.
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity.
Action: Horizontal flexion, abduction, extension horizontal.
Supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula.
Insertion: Superior facet of greater tuberosity.
Action: Produces abduction of the shoulder.
Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa.
Insertion: Articular capsule of the lesser tuberosity of humerus.
Action: Internal rotation stabilizer.
Infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula.
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