Human Anatomy: Skeletal and Muscular System Landmarks

Posted on May 27, 2026 in Physiotherapy

Skeletal System Landmarks

Upper Limb Anatomy

  • Clavicle
  • Scapula: Spine, acromion, coracoid process, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, and glenoid cavity.
  • Humerus: Head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, deltoid tuberosity, olecranon fossa, medial epicondyle, and lateral epicondyle.
  • Ulna: Olecranon and styloid process.
  • Radius: Radial tuberosity and styloid process.
  • Hand: Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal).

Lower Limb Anatomy

  • Pelvis: Pubic symphysis, acetabulum, and obturator foramen.
  • Ilium: Anterior superior iliac spine, iliac crest, iliac fossa, and greater sciatic notch.
  • Ischium: Ischial tuberosity and ischial spine.
  • Pubis: Pubic tubercle.
  • Femur: Head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, patellar surface, medial condyle, and lateral condyle.
  • Patella
  • Tibia: Tibial tuberosity and medial malleolus.
  • Fibula: Lateral malleolus.
  • Foot: Talus, calcaneus, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Skull and Facial Bones

  • Sutures: Coronal, sagittal, squamous, and lambdoid.
  • Frontal Bone: Frontal sinus.
  • Occipital Bone: Foramen magnum, occipital condyle, external occipital protuberance, hypoglossal canal, and jugular foramen.
  • Ethmoid Bone: Crista galli, olfactory foramina, and air cells.
  • Temporal Bone: Zygomatic process, mastoid process, styloid process, external acoustic meatus, internal acoustic meatus, and carotid canal.
  • Sphenoid Bone: Greater wing, lesser wing, hypophyseal fossa, superior orbital fissure, optic canal, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, and foramen spinosum.
  • Facial Bones: Mandible, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, nasal, vomer, inferior nasal concha, zygomatic, and hyoid.

Vertebrae and Thoracic Cage

Vertebral Column

  • General Structures: Body, pedicle, lamina, vertebral foramen, spinous process, transverse process, superior articular process, inferior articular process, intervertebral foramen, and intervertebral disc.
  • Cervical Vertebrae: Transverse foramina, atlas, axis, and dens.
  • Thoracic Vertebrae
  • Lumbar Vertebrae
  • Sacrum: Sacral canal.
  • Coccyx

Thoracic Cage

  • Ribs: True ribs 1–7, vertebrochondral ribs 8–10, and floating ribs 11–12.
  • Sternum: Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Muscular System Anatomy

Trunk and Back Musculature

  • Trunk: Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, external intercostals, internal intercostals, and diaphragm.
  • Back: Latissimus dorsi, trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, serratus anterior, and erector spinae.

Upper Limb Musculature

Shoulder and Arm

Deltoid, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, triceps brachii (long head, lateral head, and medial head), biceps brachii (long head and short head), and brachialis.

Forearm

  • Anterior Forearm: Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus.
  • Posterior Forearm: Brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, and extensor pollicis longus.

Lower Limb Musculature

  • Anterior Hip and Thigh: Tensor fasciae latae, iliopsoas, sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, and adductor magnus.
  • Posterior Thigh: Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, biceps femoris (long head and short head), semimembranosus, and semitendinosus.
  • Internal Hip: Piriformis, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, quadratus femoris, quadratus lumborum, psoas major, and iliacus.
  • Posterior Leg: Soleus, gastrocnemius, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, and flexor digitorum longus.
  • Anterolateral Leg: Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis longus, and fibularis brevis.

Head and Neck Musculature

  • Face: Temporalis, frontalis, orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, orbicularis oris, masseter, buccinator, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, and platysma.
  • Neck: Sternocleidomastoid and sternohyoid.