World War II: A Historical Account
1.3. The Front of Western Europe (1939-1941)
After splitting Poland between Germany and the USSR, the latter invaded Finland in November, along with Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. In April 1940, Hitler entered Denmark and Norway unopposed. From there, he invaded Holland and Belgium, surprising the French army at the Battle of the Bulge. In early June, French and British forces retreated from the Channel coast, with the British hastily evacuating Dunkirk, leaving behind heavy weaponry. On June 14th,
Read MoreFranco’s Regime: From Autarky to Economic Liberalization
Franco’s Regime: A Deep Dive into Its Political and Economic Evolution
Concentration of Power and Ideology
15.1 The Franco regime was marked by the concentration of power in Franco, anti-militarism, traditionalism, anti-parliamentarism, and anti-liberalism. It exalted fascist symbols, defending national patriotism, Catholicism, and the unions linked to the single party, FET de las JONS.
Six main groups existed within the regime: the army, the Falange, and the Church (Opus Dei) were institutionalized.
Read MoreSpain’s 1869 Constitution & the 1868 Revolution
**Constitution of 1869**
Commentary
We have found a text of a legal nature, as it is the first democratic constitution in the history of Spain. This constitution was promulgated on June 5, 1869. In the political landscape, there were three groups: Moderates, Progressives, and the Liberal Union. There was a rail crisis and student revolts known as the “Noche de San Daniel,” where Castelar was expelled.
In 1866, at Ostend, Progressives and Democrats came together to defeat Elizabeth II, signing the Pact
Read MoreEconomic and Political Shifts in the Interwar Period
The United States: The Roaring Twenties
The United States greatly benefited from the First World War. After the war, America had become the first world economic power. Its agricultural production was very high, and the industry accounted for 44.8% of world production. In addition, many countries of Europe were indebted to the United States as a result of war loans. On the contrary, the war impoverished European countries.
American Prosperity
- U.S. growth continued during the ten years after the war.
Alfonso XIII’s Reign and Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship in Spain
Alfonso XIII’s Reign and the Path to Dictatorship
In 1902, Alfonso XIII was declared of age, ending the regency of Maria Cristina. Until then, the Canovist system had allowed a certain stability. However, during the reign of Alfonso XIII, Spain experienced a state of permanent political crisis. The deaths of Canovas (1897) and Sagasta (1903) led the turnista parties into an internal struggle for leadership, which weakened their position and facilitated the emergence of new parties (socialists, republicans,
Read MoreHistorical Events and Political Ideologies: 1789-1848
Four Historical Events: 1789-1848
1789: The French Revolution begins.
1799: Coup by Napoleon Bonaparte.
1815: Defeat of Napoleon.
1830: Liberal revolution in France.
Contemporary Society
Contemporary society is characterized by:
- Sovereignty
- Sovereign nation
- Equal rights
- Legal equality
Which Defended the Enlightened Ideas?
- Importance of nature
- Confidence in reason
- Natural rights for all human beings
- Defense of a natural religion
- Need to expand education
Cathedral or Illustration?
The Illustration is the intellectual
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