18th Century Europe: Revolutions, Enlightenment, and Industrialization
England: Revolutions and Parliaments
King Charles I wanted to govern without regard to Parliament, and political opposition was radicalized in the hands of the bourgeoisie and the popular groups. It sparked a revolution, and in 1642, civil war broke out between royalists and parliamentarians. Charles I was defeated and executed in 1649 (First English Revolution).
In 1688, the outbreak of the Second English Revolution led to the oath of William and Mary’s Bill of Rights, the act by which monarchs became
Read MoreFascism: Ideological Roots and the Franco Regime
Fascism: Ideological Foundations
**Political Principles**
Fascism is characterized by the absolute supremacy of the state over the individual, in contrast to democratic systems where individual freedom prevails. It features a dictatorial regime and exaggerated nationalism, often leading to expansionist policies and the exaltation of the nation.
**Social Principles**
Fascist ideology posits that a social minority, the elite, should govern the masses, based on the belief that not all people are equal.
Read MoreFirst World War: Causes, Phases, and Consequences
The First World War: Causes, Phases, and Consequences
The last third of the nineteenth century (from 1870) was a period of great changes and developments that culminated in the First World War (1914-1918). The human and material needs of new industries and markets led to the expansion of Europeans and their culture all over the world, which brought clashes between the great powers.
Characteristics of the First World War
- The nations involved were not confined to combat armies but involved all their
Franco’s Dictatorship in Spain: 1950s Transformation and Onward
The 1950s: A Turning Point for Franco’s Spain
As for the opposition in these first years out within the maquis, they continued to fight until they were demobilized at the end of the 1940s. On the outside, and for many years, the opposition continued to face defeat, lying down after the Civil War. It was not cohesive or united enough to become a clear and strong opposition against the regime.
The 1950s marked a turning point in the dictatorship, with several events that ultimately “legitimized” it
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: Key Events and Political Landscape 1936-1939
Popular Front Government
The Popular Front government implemented a reform program that included amnesty, restoration of status, and encouragement to others. On May 10, a change in the Republican government led to Azaña and Casares Quiroga taking power. This period saw the beginning of political disorder, violence in the countryside, labor disputes, the burning of convents, and political assassinations.
Radical Social Spain
Radical Social Spain was characterized by violent acts, such as those committed
Read MoreThe Industrial Revolution and its Impact: 18th-20th Centuries
The Industrial Revolution: The Machine Age
The Industrial Revolution marked the transition from an agrarian and craft economy to another marked by industry and mechanized production. It represents a radical change in all aspects of life (society, economy, political) and started in England in the mid-eighteenth century. During the nineteenth century, it became generalized at different rates for different countries in Europe, the USA, and Japan.
The economic boom that allowed the Industrial Revolution
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