Isabel II Reign & 19th Century Spain: Politics & Reform
The Reign of Queen Isabel II
The Regencies (1833-1843)
The Regency of Maria Cristina (1833-1840)
The Moderate Governments (1833-1835): The Royal Charter
- Top of the Regency: Transition phase (October 1833 to January 1834). Head of Government: Cea Bermúdez (absolutist reforms, exclusively administrative or technical). Dissatisfaction with the Liberals.
- January 1834: Cea Bermúdez replaced by Martinez de la Rosa (a moderate man from Cadiz and the Triennium, arrived from exile).
The Staff seemed insufficient
Read MoreCortes of Cadiz: Social and Economic Reforms in Spain
Read MoreSocial and Economic Legislation of the Cortes of Cadiz
Main Measures of an Economic and Social Nature Adopted by the Courts
The Constitution of Cadiz, the first stemming from national sovereignty, was passed in 1812. It declares all citizens equal before the law, meaning the end of differences between estates with tax, military, and legal privileges. It recognized a number of rights: to education, freedom of the press, inviolability of domicile, freedom, and property. Catholicism is declared as the
Spanish Monarchy & American Independence: 1810-1824
The Reign of Ferdinand VII and the Turmoil in Spain (1823-1830)
In April 1823, approximately 100,000 soldiers, known as the Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis, under the command of the Duke of Angoulême, invaded Spanish territory and restored Ferdinand VII as absolute king. Alarmed by the constant turmoil in Spain, the restorative powers considered some moderate reforms necessary. However, Ferdinand VII rejected these proposals and, as in 1814, initiated a fierce crackdown on liberals. Many liberals
Read MoreWorld War II: Causes, Key Events, and Aftermath
**Organization of the UN**
The first attempt was not the Atlantic Charter of 1941, when we tried to recover the League of Nations, proposing assistance for the Allied forces. The San Francisco Conference occurred, where 52 Allied and neutral countries attended. The Nuremberg trials began on November 20th and accused Nazis of crimes against humanity. It ended in September. In the meantime, Hitler had committed suicide, along with others. Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel fled, as did others. During the
Read MoreSpain’s Transition to Democracy: 1979-1996
The Values and Principles of the Spanish Constitution
The values and principles of this constitution are reflected as follows: “Spain is a social and democratic state which holds as values freedom, equality, and political pluralism.” National sovereignty resides in the people. The political form of the state is the parliamentary monarchy. The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation and recognizes and guarantees the right to autonomy of the nationalities. Castilian Spanish
Read MoreThe Cortes of Cádiz and the 1812 Constitution: A Foundation of Spanish Liberalism
The Cortes of Cádiz and the Constitution of 1812
In the midst of the War of Independence, the Cortes of Cádiz met and began their work towards the bourgeois liberal revolution in Spain, taking advantage of the power vacuum. They set out to create a legal framework that would move from a liberal estate society and end the Old Regime.
Political Trends in the Cortes of Cádiz
The deputies were summoned to the Cortes in Cádiz by the Council of Regency, to whom the Supreme Central Junta, feeling incapable
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