Key Political Concepts in Spain: 19th and 20th Centuries
Restoration
The Bourbon Restoration period in Spanish history spanned from General Arsenio MartÃnez Campos’ pronouncement in 1874, ending the First Spanish Republic, to the proclamation of the Second Republic on April 14, 1931. This era was marked by institutional stability, the formation of a liberal state model, and the rise of social and political movements resulting from the Industrial Revolution. It began its decline with Miguel Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship in 1923. MartÃnez Campos’ declaration
Read MoreUN and NATO: Structure, History, and Operations
The United Nations: Origins and Evolution
- 1919: The League of Nations was established.
- 1942: The United Nations Declaration was signed, uniting countries against the Axis powers.
- 1945: The UN Charter was ratified, officially creating the United Nations with 51 member states.
- 1955: Spain joined the UN.
The UN Charter
The UN Charter is the foundational document of the United Nations. It consists of a preamble and 19 chapters with 111 articles, and it has been updated five times.
Purposes (Article 1)
- Maintain
Economic and Social Change in 19th Century Spain: Labor Movement Origins
Economic Evolution and Social Change: The Start of the Labor Movement (1833-1875)
The evolution of the Spanish economy in the nineteenth century was the result of institutional changes introduced by the Liberal Revolution (1808-1843). These changes accounted for the disappearance of legal privileges and laws of the old regime that prevented economic development. The result was the formation of a capitalist economy and a society based on private property.
To achieve this, there was a package called
Read MoreEuropean Revolutions of 1848: Causes and Consequences
The Revolutions of 1848: The Third Wave
The revolutions of 1848 were the most significant revolutionary wave in European history, definitively breaking the balance established by the Congress of Vienna. They also expressed social approaches and democratic ideals. We are facing a non-homogeneous Europe. Germany was marked by absolutism and police systems, with a strong emphasis on order over freedom. In France, the revolution of 1830 had not established democratic principles. Austria was still under
Read MoreSpain’s Transformation: From Absolutism to Liberalism (19th Century)
19th-Century Spain: The Construction of a Liberal Regime
During the 19th century, Spain experienced a process of building a liberal political regime. The first attempts took place in reaction to the Napoleonic invasion (1808-1814), but it was the death of Fernando VII (1833) that led to the introduction of liberalism in Spain. Since then, the monarchs’ powers were constrained under the Constitution and Parliament. However, the liberal Spanish regime was characterized by the constant intervention
Read MoreArgentina’s Political and Economic History: 1922-1943
Presidency of Marcelo T. Alvear (1922-1928)
In the presidential elections of 1922, Yrigoyen allowed Alvear as a candidate as a political alternative, due to differences that arose within his party, and as a possibility for Yrigoyen himself to influence the new government. However, Alvear was supported by a group of conservatives and was chosen as head of the “Antipersonalists.”
From one of the richest and most traditional families in our country, Alvear (grandson of Carlos de Alvear, Supreme Director
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