Spain’s Democratic Transition: Key Events and Figures
**Spain’s Transition to Democracy: 1975-1982**
**1. Beginning of the Transition (1975-1977)**
In November 1975, Juan Carlos I was proclaimed King of Spain. Over a period of time, the Spanish people made the change from dictatorship to a democratic constitution, a process called the *political transition*, considered a model for being agreed upon and nonviolent.
The new monarchy was born, legitimized by the Franco regime, which claimed control of the army, administration, and law enforcement. In his
Read MoreFeudalism: Society, Economy, and Politics in Medieval Europe
Feudalism: Concept and Appearance
Political regime based on economic and social relations of service and protection provided respectively by vassal to the lord and the lord to the vassal. It emerged in Europe in the early Middle Ages after the fall of the Roman Empire and consolidated between the 10th and 13th centuries. A crisis triggered in the time of the Roman Empire by the barbarian invasions led to a process of ruralization conducive to the emergence of noble relations. Many farmers filed for
Read MoreFranco’s Regime: Dictatorship in Spain (1939-1959)
The result of the Civil War was the consolidation of the dictatorial regime that rebelled against the Republic and began building in October 1936. The scheme introduced by Franco in Spain lasted until his death in 1975. Franco’s regime remained a harsh dictatorship characterized by the repression of its opponents.
A Dictatorial Regime
Franco instituted a state legitimized only by the Civil War and characterized by extreme authoritarianism. Its most characteristic features were:
- Totalitarianism: The
Franco’s Dictatorship: Foundations and Legal Framework in Spain
Franco’s Political System and its Foundations: The Dictatorship
Franco was the head of state and head of government, and his power system was based on his omnipotence. He was responsible for the declaration of legal norms, and as the supreme power of the three armies, he also had the main control.
To start building the new Spain, these bases were used: a dictator, Franco “Caudillo”; a totalitarian ideology, national syndicalism; and a single party, the FET y de las JONS.
Falangists, monarchists, Catholics,
The First World War: Causes, Key Events, and Aftermath
The First World War
Europe was subjected to a series of tensions and crises. France and the UK doubted the growing German power and expansionist turn that Kaiser Wilhelm II gave to his foreign policy. Tensions were colonial and territorial, especially in Morocco and the Balkans. In addition, the national aspirations of Central Europe aggravated the situation.
The relations between France and Germany in the last third of the nineteenth century were very tense due to French claims on the territories
Read MorePrimo de Rivera’s 1923 Manifesto: A Call to Action
**Primo de Rivera’s 1923 Manifesto: A Call to Action**
General Primo de Rivera commented: “Nature:** This paper is a fragment of the “Manifesto to the Country and the Army” of Miguel Primo de Rivera, who published the newspaper *The Times* on September 13, 1923, when the coup took place. Miguel Primo de Rivera is the author of this political document aimed at all the Spanish and especially the army.”
When he brought out the statement that would take him to power, Primo de Rivera was Captain General
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