Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939, A Comprehensive Timeline
1936 Military Uprising: Development of the Spanish Civil War
On July 17, 1936, in Melilla, Tetuan, and Ceuta, and on the 18th on the peninsula, a significant sector of the army, traditionalists (Carlists), and Falangists staged a coup. They seized government agencies (civilian governments, municipalities, etc.) in some cities and constituted a board of senior military officers with the intent to “restore order” and end the Popular Front government, which had been democratically elected.
The military
Read MoreDecolonization: A Historical Analysis of Asia and Africa
Stages of the Process of Decolonization
Decolonization began in the Indian subcontinent and then spread through the rest of Asia and Africa. We can distinguish three major stages:
- The first initial stage, located between 1945 and 1955. This phase affected mainly the Asian continent and the Middle East.
- The second phase covers the period between 1955 and 1970. Its main feature was the expansion of the phenomenon of decolonization across Africa. At this stage, the UN had a significant role.
- The last stage
Spain’s Economic Transformation Under Franco: 1939-1975
Growth of Autarky
1. Introduction
The civil war had important demographic effects on the economy, since it caused a decline in the labor force. Repression and exile affected sectors of skilled workers. Moreover, the economy was disjointed. Industrial and agricultural production was lower than in 1935 and the transport network was very poor. However, this is not sufficient to explain the negative trends in the years after 1939 and the slow recovery in activity levels before the conflict. During the
Read MoreAncient Civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome
The First Civilizations: Mesopotamia and Egypt
Mesopotamia, Land Between Two Rivers
Mesopotamia was one of the earliest civilizations that arose in the plains between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Its inhabitants created new offices and city-states.
The First City-States
To the south of Mesopotamia, in the territory of Sumer, the first cities arose (Ur, Uruk), with a population of between 10,000 and 50,000. The workshops of artisans gathered around the temple, or ziggurat, dedicated to the god who
Read MoreFranco’s Regime: Repression, Laws, and International Relations
**Legal Basis**
During this stage, the legal basis of the new scheme was established:
- In 1938, the **Fuero del Trabajo** was approved, introducing the right of Spaniards to work.
- In 1942, the **Constitutive Act of the Cortes** was proclaimed, which formed a legislative chamber, although it never truly had such a capacity.
- One year later, the **Fuero de los Españoles** was adopted. This excluded individual rights such as freedom of expression or assembly, although in practice, it was impossible to enforce.
The Cortes of Cádiz and the 1812 Constitution: A Turning Point in Spanish History
The Cortes of Cádiz and the Constitution of 1812
In 1808, Spain was invaded by France, resulting in the War of Independence, which lasted until 1813, when the Treaty of Valençay was signed. In this context, Napoleon Bonaparte’s Bayonne abdication of the Spanish monarchy, and an imperial decree, appointed his brother Joseph I as King of Spain and the Indies, a decision that would not be accepted by the Spanish people.
The Cortes of Cádiz
Provincial Boards emerged to govern the resistance against
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