Russian Revolution: Causes and Impact 1917
The Russian Revolution of 1917
The Russian Revolution was one of the most important events in modern times. Its impact was palpable in both America and Europe, although the Revolution did not immediately expand communism. The United States, later a fully socialist state, faced Russia in the Cold War. The two revolutions of 1917 were divided into two parts: the fall of the Tsarist regime (February Revolution) and the creation of the first communist state in the world (October Revolution). The causes
Read MoreThe Moderate Decade in Spain: Politics and Reforms (1844-1854)
When it took office, Espartero’s rival, Narvaez, dismantled the urban rebellion and progressive movement. He was ahead of a possible protest from Colonel Prim, who was given the title of Count of Reus. Narvaez inaugurated a decade of tight control of moderate liberalism. Queen Elizabeth II, barely a teenager, was declared of age and raised to the throne ten years after the death of her father. When Fernando VII died in 1833, his successor, Elizabeth II, was only three years old. Ten years later,
Read MorePhilip II’s Reign: Spanish Empire’s Zenith and Challenges
Successor to Charles I
Philip II, known as the Prudent, succeeded his father, Charles I (1556-1598). Although he did not inherit the title of Emperor, he was the monarch of a vast empire and head of a Crown that was the first power in Europe. He inherited his father’s international policy: the defense of Catholicism and the superiority of the Hispanic empire in Europe. Unlike his father, he was a monarch devoted entirely to the matters of his kingdom. He practically abandoned the peninsula and did
Read MoreEconomic and Political Turmoil: 1905-1939
Roosevelt’s New Deal
In the United States, President Hoover’s situation had worsened since the crash of 1929. The votes of the workers, the National Confederation of Agricultural Syndicates (CNAS), and middle peasants gave the Democrats victory in the elections. Their principles were the same as those of Keynes:
- The Social Security Act established unemployment insurance and pensions and disability for the first time in the U.S.
- Public works were launched, including the construction of roads, housing,
Chile’s 1925 Constitution: Plebiscite and Secular Reforms
The Chairman’s draft, prepared by the subcommittee, advocated for a more accentuated presidential system. In contrast, Radical and Conservative parties advocated for a regulated parliamentary system.
As a compromise, to avoid disruption of the Advisory Committee, it was agreed to consult the people on these two projects: the red vote for the presidential system, and the blue vote for the dissident or parliamentary system. Those who disagreed with either of these formulas could vote blank. There was
Read MoreFrancoism: Ideology, Power, and International Relations
The Army’s Role in Franco’s New State
The army was the main bastion of the new state. With a long and spirited traditionalist, totalitarian ideology of the moment, with rare exceptions, it assumed command of its Generalissimo while filling the highest spheres of administration.
The Falange and National Syndicalism
In the 1940s, Franco brought the Falange newer elements of its ideology and its external image. Illiberal, undemocratic, and anti-Marxist, the Falange led to a totalitarian system called
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