Charles I and Philip II: Spain’s Golden Age, Power, and Conflicts
Charles I (1516-1556): The Universal Ruler
The Universal Rule: Charles I (Charles V of Germany): Charles I of Spain (1516-1556), son of Juana of Castile and Philip of Habsburg, inherited a vast empire: from his mother, the kingdoms of Castile and Navarre, the Crown of Aragon, Italian territories, and American possessions; from his father, the Netherlands; and upon his grandfather’s death, the Habsburg possessions and the title of Holy Roman Emperor (1519).
Internal Problems
Charles departed for Germany
Read MoreEarly Modern Age and Renaissance Art
1. The Early Modern Age
1.1 Economic Transformation
- Increased agricultural production: The three-field system was maintained, with one section left fallow. Agriculture and livestock continued to be the main sources of economic activity.
- Intensified commercial activity: Surplus products were sold in city markets. Merchants established trade routes.
1.2 Social Change
Population increased, and cities grew, leading to an urban society divided into social groups:
Privileged Class
The nobility and clergy were
Read MoreCold War: Bipolar World, Conflicts, and Coexistence
The Formation of a Bipolar World
In the West, democracy defended the plurality of parties, individual freedoms, and parliamentary liberalism. In the Communist bloc, democracy was defined as equality of justice. This bloc covered the USSR and its allies such as Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Yugoslavia, etc.
Conflict of the Cold War
The Cold War was a confrontation between the U.S. and the USSR characterized by an arms race, the absence of direct confrontation, and regional conflicts outside
Read MoreUS Concerns About Communism During the Cold War
Why Was the USA So Worried About Communism?
Roosevelt and Stalin distrusted each other greatly. They had very different beliefs and ideas.
USA:
- Elections: Free democratic elections
- Industry: Capitalist, business and property were privately owned. The world’s healthiest country
- Individual Rights: Freedom from government control was more important than equality; individualism
- People’s Thoughts: Americans firmly believed that other countries should be run in the American way. Many Americans were bitterly
Spain: 20th Century History – Alfonso XIII to Civil War
Phase I: Alfonso XIII (1902-1923)
- 1902: Alfonso XIII is proclaimed king.
- 1905: Deployment to Catalan periodicals.
- 1906: Conference in solidarity based in Algeciras. Catalan solidarity.
- 1907: Maura Government. Creation along Barcelona. Law of worker solidarity in the protection of domestic industry.
- 1908: The National Institute for is created.
- 1909: War starts in Morocco. Tragic Week in Barcelona (July).
- 1910: Canalejas chairs the government.
- 1912: Count Romanones Government after the assassination of Canalejas.
Russian Revolution & WWI Peace: Causes, Program & Treaties
The Russian Revolution
February 1917 Revolution
Causes: Following the declaration of war, the Russian Empire mobilized millions of soldiers. Low morale of the troops led to fears of a collapse of the front. The increasingly unpopular Tsar refused to reform and could not postpone reforms until he had no support.
Consequences: The monarchy collapsed without resistance, forming a dual power structure: an interim government took power, hoping to convene a constituent assembly. Allied powers promised Russia
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