Romanticism: Art and Architecture in the 19th Century
The Art of Romance
Following Napoleon’s fall and the establishment of Restoration political regimes, Europe sought to erase all traces of the French Revolution. This period saw the rise of Romanticism, a cultural movement where artists aimed to reclaim revolutionary principles in their art.
Romantic Architecture
Romantic architecture primarily focused on the Gothic style.
Key Figures in Romantic Architecture
- Labrouste, E. (1801-1875): Designed the National Library in Paris, reminiscent of medieval structures.
Understanding Bourgeois Revolutions: Key Events & Figures
Bourgeois Revolutions
Bourgeois revolutions took place in the late 18th and 19th centuries and enabled the bourgeoisie to gain political power and social status, which had previously been exclusive to the nobility in the Ancien Régime. The most important examples are the American Revolution and the French Revolution.
The American Revolution
Also called the American War of Independence, it was the insurrection by the 13 colonies located on the Atlantic coast of North America to gain independence from
Read MoreBolshevik Revolution: War, State Organization, and Civil War
On War and the Bolshevik Regime
The Bolshevik regime proposed a “just peace” to end the war. Continued fighting was impossible due to the disorganization of the army and officer defection. The Germans imposed their conditions, and Russia signed a peace treaty with Germany, without the Entente allies, who continued the war. Russia lost many territories, resulting in significant demographic and economic losses, including 75% of mineral production.
After the defeat of the Central Powers and the end of
Read MoreWorld War II: Causes, Participants, and Global Impact
Was war inevitable? The panoramic view of international relations seems to indicate it. We have studied previously the shifts toward war, or, put another way, the steps towards the abyss, led to a situation without a hurricane return. This unleashed a war doctrine that surpassed anything hitherto known. New weapons and armies of millions of soldiers sowed desolation in the European continent and later in Asia and Oceania.
Causes of World War II
- After the First World War (1914-1918), the signed peace
Swiss Identity and Political Division: ESA Referendum
The Narrow Margin of the ESA Vote and Swiss Identity
The narrow margin of profit for proponents of ESA membership showed that the traditional foundations of Swiss identity were no longer so stable. The outcome of the referendum on the ESA revealed the extent to which society was divided between supporters and opponents of modernization and between linguistic communities (German-speaking Swiss were against, while French-speaking Swiss were in favor). This reopened the historic divide between French-
Read MoreCalifornia Gold Rush & the American Civil War
California Gold Rush and its Impact (1848)
Traits of the era: An inventive turn of mind, restless, nervous energy; and that dominant individualism, working for good and evil.
1848: Routes to California:
- Voyage around the tip of South America
- Overland routes
- Panama shortcut
Methods of Mining:
- Cradle
- Pan
- River mining
Lynch Law: Punishment of supposed criminals without trial.
Act for the Government and Protection of Indians: Removal of Indians, turning them into indentured servants.
Immigrants from: Oregon, China,
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