Alfonso XII’s Reign and the Restoration in Spain
Reign of Alfonso XII
Alfonso XII’s reign began after the pronouncement of Martínez Campos and Cánovas, following negotiations for Isabella II to abdicate in favor of her son. Alfonso XII entered Spain in 1874 to rule under a model of parliamentary monarchy. This marked the beginning of a new political system, the Cánovas system. This system aimed for stability, as previous models had failed, and economic modernization. However, the ultimate consequences were intolerance, social injustice, and
Read MoreRise of Nazism: From Weimar Republic to Totalitarian Regime
The Origins of Nazism
The Weak Weimar Republic
After Germany’s defeat in World War I, the provisional government repressed the Spartacist Revolt, led by revolutionaries seeking to establish a communist regime in Germany. Subsequent elections led to the creation of a constitution in Weimar, establishing Germany as a democratic republic. However, the extreme left considered the regime too moderate, while the extreme right believed the new regime betrayed Germany by accepting the Treaty of Versailles.
Read MoreStalin’s USSR: Dictatorship, Economy, and Civil War
The Stalin Era (1928-1953)
In 1928, Stalin became the head of state, establishing a dictatorship supported by the Soviets and the Communist Party. He introduced a new constitution in 1936, solidifying his control over the media and suppressing criticism. Key features of Stalin’s dictatorship include:
- The Cult of Personality: Stalin was presented as a god-like figure, using propaganda to attract the people.
- A Mass Party: Strong Russian nationalism was promoted, requiring the entire population’s involvement.
Spain’s Silver Age: Politics, Art, and Culture (1900-1939)
The Popular Front (February-June 1936)
The new government, led by Santiago Casares Quiroga:
- Decreed an amnesty for the prisoners of the 1934 Revolution.
- Reinstated reforms.
Radicalization between left and right grew. A new political party of extreme right-wing ideas was founded: Falange Española. It demanded a fascist regime for the country. The political confrontation caused the Tragic Spring of 1936, with street fights, attacks, and assassinations between the Falangistas, the communists, and the
Spain’s Political Landscape: 1845 Constitution to 1868
The 1845 Constitution and Moderate Rule in Spain
In 1845, the Spanish government approved a new constitution, reflecting a shift towards conservatism. Key features included:
- Joint sovereignty between the King and the Courts.
- Reduced powers for the legislature.
- Restricted voting rights.
- Municipalities placed under central administration.
- Abolition of the National Militia.
- Exclusive recognition of the Catholic religion.
The new constitution largely retained the declaration of rights from the 1837 constitution.
Read MoreNapoleon’s Rise and Fall: A Historical Overview
Item 5. Napoleonic Europe and Restoration (PAG 88-89 / 139-146)
1. Consulate of the Empire (PAG 88)
Bourgeois republic unipersonal
– 1795-99 Directory: stabilization of the revolution
Ends: bourgeois desire to achieve political stability and economic progress. The property is the basis of the system
Work:
- Constitution of 1795: The new constitution lays the foundation for the restoration of a policy of decentralization, supported by the departments and a liberal policy.
- In domestic policy the Board lived