Cold War: Bipolar World, Conflicts, and Coexistence
The Formation of a Bipolar World
In the West, democracy defended the plurality of parties, individual freedoms, and parliamentary liberalism. In the Communist bloc, democracy was defined as equality of justice. This bloc covered the USSR and its allies such as Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Yugoslavia, etc.
Conflict of the Cold War
The Cold War was a confrontation between the U.S. and the USSR characterized by an arms race, the absence of direct confrontation, and regional conflicts outside
Read MoreUS Concerns About Communism During the Cold War
Why Was the USA So Worried About Communism?
Roosevelt and Stalin distrusted each other greatly. They had very different beliefs and ideas.
USA:
- Elections: Free democratic elections
- Industry: Capitalist, business and property were privately owned. The world’s healthiest country
- Individual Rights: Freedom from government control was more important than equality; individualism
- People’s Thoughts: Americans firmly believed that other countries should be run in the American way. Many Americans were bitterly
Spain: 20th Century History – Alfonso XIII to Civil War
Phase I: Alfonso XIII (1902-1923)
- 1902: Alfonso XIII is proclaimed king.
- 1905: Deployment to Catalan periodicals.
- 1906: Conference in solidarity based in Algeciras. Catalan solidarity.
- 1907: Maura Government. Creation along Barcelona. Law of worker solidarity in the protection of domestic industry.
- 1908: The National Institute for is created.
- 1909: War starts in Morocco. Tragic Week in Barcelona (July).
- 1910: Canalejas chairs the government.
- 1912: Count Romanones Government after the assassination of Canalejas.
Russian Revolution & WWI Peace: Causes, Program & Treaties
The Russian Revolution
February 1917 Revolution
Causes: Following the declaration of war, the Russian Empire mobilized millions of soldiers. Low morale of the troops led to fears of a collapse of the front. The increasingly unpopular Tsar refused to reform and could not postpone reforms until he had no support.
Consequences: The monarchy collapsed without resistance, forming a dual power structure: an interim government took power, hoping to convene a constituent assembly. Allied powers promised Russia
Read MoreAlfonso XII’s Reign: The Canovist System Explained
The Reign of Alfonso XII and the Canovist System
The Canovist system was a system of government whose leading exponent and creator was Cánovas del Castillo. After the republic, when a new order was necessary, monarchists knew that the return of Isabella II to the throne would not be well-received. Thus, the Manifesto of Sandhurst was written in favor of Alfonso XII, projecting a monarchy that sought order, patriotism, religion, and Catholic liberalism based on a constitutional and democratic regime.
Read MoreSpain: Mutiny of Aranjuez to New American Nations’ Problems
Mutiny of Aranjuez
The Mutiny of Aranjuez was triggered when Spain signed a treaty with Napoleon (Treaty of Fontainebleau), authorizing Napoleonic armies to enter Spain to attack Portugal. The French crossed the Pyrenees in February 1808, causing irritation among the Spanish population. French troops were stationed at strategic points.
On March 18, 1808, a riot broke out in Aranjuez. The royal family feared a retreat into mutiny. The popular participation, led by the nobility and clergy, sought the
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