Standard Language, Dialects, and Language Planning
Chapter 18: Standard Language
What is Standard Language?
We focused on the features of one language variety, typically called the standard language. This is an idealized variety, but most people consider it the official language of their community or country.
Dialect Surveys and Norms
One disadvantage of using norms (e.g., “non-mobile, older, rural, male speakers”) in dialect surveys is that the description might reflect a period well before the investigation, not contemporary usage.
Dialect Boundaries
When
New School Movement: Principles and Critiques
New School Movement
Various reasons such as a growing scientific interest in the child and childhood, the spread of democratic ideas and the development of economic development and industrial processing technology, the development of pedagogy science, the growing interest in education as a means of improving society and the extension of education for girls. make that values education for development of nations, requiring diversify the methods and principles. It should be noted that the results of
Read MoreDeschooling Theory: A Critical Analysis
Deschooling Theory
1. Origins of Deschooling
Around the 1960s, significant social, economic, scientific, and technological advancements, particularly in audiovisual and information technology, led to questions about the relevance of traditional schooling. Many argued that existing educational systems were outdated, inefficient, expensive, and failed to address social inequalities. Furthermore, the value of university degrees in securing employment was questioned. This period saw the rise of deschooling
Read MoreHistory of the European Union Treaties
Treaty of Rome (1957)
On March 25, 1957, two treaties signed in Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). EURATOM, less prominent than the EEC, sought to create the conditions for a thriving nuclear industry.
Political Objective
The treaties aimed for gradual political integration. A customs union, often called the “Common Market”, was envisioned, abolishing internal tariffs by 1968 and establishing a common customs tariff for external
Read MoreRomantic Tradition & Modern Thinking in Literary Criticism
Topic X: The Romantic Tradition and the Emergence of Modern Thinking in Literary Criticism
The Shift in Literary Studies
In the latter half of the 13th century, a significant cultural transformation began to unfold, giving rise to what we now broadly refer to as literary studies. While previous chapters focused on identifying underlying commonalities despite differences, our focus now shifts to exploring differences within a shared identity. We are examining the historical horizon in which we currently
Read MoreRussian Formalism and Literary Theory
Russian Formalism
1. Introduction
Contemporary literary theory arguably begins with the Russian Formalist school. Two groups comprised this movement:
- The Moscow Linguistic Circle, founded in 1915, included researchers like Jakobson, Tomashevsky, Vinokur, and Bogatyrev.
- The Society for the Study of Poetic Language (Opojaz), founded in St. Petersburg in 1916, included linguists such as Shklovsky, Tynyanov, Eichenbaum, and Brik.
While the Moscow Linguistic Circle leaned towards applying pre-existing linguistic
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