History of the European Union Treaties
Treaty of Rome (1957)
On March 25, 1957, two treaties signed in Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). EURATOM, less prominent than the EEC, sought to create the conditions for a thriving nuclear industry.
Political Objective
The treaties aimed for gradual political integration. A customs union, often called the “Common Market”, was envisioned, abolishing internal tariffs by 1968 and establishing a common customs tariff for external
Read MoreRomantic Tradition & Modern Thinking in Literary Criticism
Topic X: The Romantic Tradition and the Emergence of Modern Thinking in Literary Criticism
The Shift in Literary Studies
In the latter half of the 13th century, a significant cultural transformation began to unfold, giving rise to what we now broadly refer to as literary studies. While previous chapters focused on identifying underlying commonalities despite differences, our focus now shifts to exploring differences within a shared identity. We are examining the historical horizon in which we currently
Read MoreRussian Formalism and Literary Theory
Russian Formalism
1. Introduction
Contemporary literary theory arguably begins with the Russian Formalist school. Two groups comprised this movement:
- The Moscow Linguistic Circle, founded in 1915, included researchers like Jakobson, Tomashevsky, Vinokur, and Bogatyrev.
- The Society for the Study of Poetic Language (Opojaz), founded in St. Petersburg in 1916, included linguists such as Shklovsky, Tynyanov, Eichenbaum, and Brik.
While the Moscow Linguistic Circle leaned towards applying pre-existing linguistic
Read MoreSpanish Baroque: Literature, Theatre, and Golden Age
Characteristics of the Spanish Baroque
The Baroque, a cultural movement that flourished in Spain during the 17th century, is an integral part of the Spanish Golden Age. This period witnessed a remarkable artistic and literary blossoming.
Historical Context
The Spanish Baroque unfolded under the reigns of Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II, a period marked by significant crisis. The absolute monarchy, the prevailing political system, struggled to address the state’s problems, often delegating governance
Read MoreCohesion and Coherence in Textual Analysis
Cohesion
For a text to be cohesive, the sentences must be linked by elements that define semantic relationships. Cohesion, an inter-sentential relationship, organizes sentences within a text. A text isn’t merely the sum of its sentences, but the product of transphrastic relations between them.
Grammatical Cohesion
1.1 Reference and Anaphora
Anaphora is a relationship where one item requires the presence of another for interpretation. Mechanisms to handle anaphora include:
- Lexical Substitution (Synonyms)
Phases of Social Intervention: A Methodical Approach
Phases of Social Intervention Method
In practice, social actors confront ever-changing realities. Their actions are pre-defined by changes at different levels (e.g., interpersonal relations, applicable legislation, resource utilization). Several variables influence their actions, including:
- Individuals involved
- Problem scope
- Available time
- Actor’s training and competence
- Specific objectives
Despite this fluidity and the influencing variables, a methodical sequence guides these actions. While the phases
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