Language Variation and the Spread of English Around the World
Language Variation
Two Major Types of Language Varieties
Register
Associated with different circumstances and purposes. Types: CONV (Conversation), FICT (Fiction), NEWS (News), ACAD (Academic Prose). These registers can be compared by:
- Mode (spoken or written)
- Interactiveness and real-time production
- Shared situation
- Main communicative purpose/content (personal communication, pleasure reading, information/evaluation, argumentation/explanation)
- Audience (individual, wide-public, specialist)
Dialects
Associated
Read MoreModernism and the Generation of ’98 in Spanish Literature
Modernist Poetry
Modernism is an aesthetic renovation of poetic language, which arises from a synthesis of Parnassianism and Symbolism, two French aesthetic trends. From Parnassianism, it adopts a taste for refinement and perfection; from Symbolism, it inherits a taste for music and the tendency to incorporate symbols, synesthesia, and sensory images.
Introduced in Spain around 1900 by Rubén Darío, Modernism is characterized by the pursuit of absolute beauty as a means to escape everyday reality.
Read MoreSpanish Education System: An Overview of Key Reforms
The School Organization in Spain
Key Elements and Characteristics
School organization refers to the arrangement of various school elements to facilitate student education (Garcia Hoz, 1964). Key elements include individuals, objectives, resources, structure, continuity, and rules. Schools are characterized by their specified nature, mandatory enrollment, standardized difficulty, continuous operation regardless of success, external governance, ambiguous goals, inherent differences, and individualization.
Read MoreEffective Communication: Elements, Functions, and Language Varieties
Effective Communication
Definition
An act of communication occurs when a person transmits information to another person or group, creating contact between them. Several key elements facilitate this process:
- Issuer: The person transmitting the information.
- Receiver: The person or group receiving the message.
- Message: The content of the information transmitted.
- Code: The set of signs and rules understood by both sender and receiver.
- Channel: The medium connecting the issuer and receiver.
- Context: The situation
Academic and Professional Opportunities: A Guide to Careers
Academic & Professional Opportunities
Engineering
Industrial Civil Engineering
Duration: 6 years (biannual system, except first year)
Academic Grade: Bachelor of Engineering Sciences
Professional Title: Industrial Engineer
Occupational Field: Leadership in management of functional areas, including planning, production, operations, finance, marketing, administration, sales, engineering, development, IT, systems, organization, and methods in industrial and service companies. Activities include modeling
Meaning of Words and Textual Properties
The Meaning of Words
Denotation and Connotation
Denotation is the objective meaning of a word, common to all speakers and registered in dictionaries. For example, the denotative meaning of “rowing” is fetching water in a boat.
Connotation encompasses the subjective meanings added to the denotation, which are not found in dictionaries. A word’s connotations relate to the linguistic or communicative situation: culture, ideology, intent, venue of communication, style, and records.
Lexical Semantic Relations
Monosemy:
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