Descartes’ Philosophy: Existence of God and the Human Soul
Part 4 of the Discourse on Method: Reasons for the Existence of God and the Human Soul
Certainty and Cogito Ergo Sum
Analysis of the consequences of “Cogito ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am):
- Thinking is the essence.
- The soul is distinct from the body (substantial anthropological dualism).
- Cartesian substance dualism.
- Knowledge of the soul is evident and raises the criterion of truth: the two notes of evidence are clarity and distinction.
- Immortality of the soul.
Substance
A substance is something that
Read MoreTheories of Mind, Body, and Human Nature
Body and Soul
The relationship between the soul and the body has been one of the most debated issues. “Brain” refers to the principal organ of the nervous system, so its ultimate reference is the body dimension. “Mind” refers to the intellectual, emotional, volitional, mental, and spiritual dimensions of humans. The question is: does the brain give rise to our minds, or is it just an instrument that serves a higher entity which we call “mind”? There are several positions:
Advances in artificial intelligence
Read MoreNietzsche’s Critique of Platonism and Judeo-Christian Tradition
Nietzsche’s Critique of Platonism
Criticizes Platonism: The tragedy in “The Birth of Tragedy” describes a new conception of reality. Life is like something torn by tragedy, the tragic phenomenon of what is the true nature of reality. Greek tragedy shows how the individualized self is born and dies (Eternal Return). In the construction, it expresses the tragedy of destruction, the perpetual becoming that is life. The tragic vision is a reality in which life and death, birth and decay of the finite
Read MoreMoral Behavior: Freedom, Sociability, and Human Dignity
**Basis of Moral Behavior: Freedom and Sociability**
Human behavior differs from animal behavior. Animals act on instincts, genetically determined through evolution, making them perfectly adapted to their environment. Stimuli trigger specific behaviors in animals, leading to similar behaviors across the same species. Humans, however, are not fixed to any specific environment. Through intelligence and technical skills, humans adapt the environment to their needs, building bridges, houses, etc.
Stimuli
Read MoreEthical and Political Principles for a Just Society
Ethical Model and Political Action
Achieving an ethical model requires effective political and social action. This involves establishing universally acceptable norms and values, coordinating moral heteronomy and personal autonomy, and creating a shared project with duties imposed on us. The pattern of life that follows universally desirable individual duties must include at least:
- Recognition of duties prior to legislation: This includes core values such as life, liberty, and equality.
- Rejection of
Radical Ontology: Life, Hermeneutics, and Historical Existence
Radical Ontology
The philosophy is not supposed to know why you have to start asking itself. This must point Metaphilosophy called and ordered to overcome the skepticism by setting the primary reality of which party and which makes sense in any other reality. Philosophical knowledge is ontology. Philosophy is not knowledge that progresses cumulatively from a philosophical advance. The principle is a progressive shrinkage to the following principles. The mission is to radicalize the philosophy of
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