ATPL General Navigation Key Concepts and Calculations
ATPL General Navigation Fundamentals
1. Earth Geometry and Basic Navigation Formulas
Departure (East/West)
Departure (NM) = ΔLongitude (minutes) × cos(Latitude)
Convergency (Earth)
Convergency = ΔLongitude × sin(Mean Latitude)
Conversion Angle
Conversion Angle = ½ × Convergency
| Hemisphere | Rhumb Line | Great Circle |
|---|---|---|
| Northern | Rhumb line curves toward the equator | Great circle curves toward the pole |
| Southern | Rhumb line curves toward the pole | Great circle curves toward the equator |
2. Chart Projections and Properties
Mercator
Read MoreThe Triple Threat: Digital Isolation, Materialism, and Authentic Connection
The Decline of Real Conversation in the Digital Age
There is little doubt that the quality and frequency of our real-life conversations are declining, and social media must be held largely responsible for this shift. While these digital platforms promise connection, their underlying mechanics often undermine the very fabric of genuine communication. The endless pursuit of a perfect online persona weakens the enduring bonds formed through authentic, face-to-face interaction, suggesting that our digital
Read MoreFundamentals of Communication and Linguistic Structure
Communication Fundamentals
Communication is an act by which an individual transmits information to others. Communication exists between people, animals, and phenomena of nature.
Elements of Communication
- Issuer: The entity that emits the message.
- Receiver: The entity that interprets and internalizes the message.
- Message: The information content being transmitted.
- Channel (Canal): The medium through which the message is transmitted (e.g., air, telephone wire, paper).
- Code: A set of signs and rules whose
Paul Auster’s Man in the Dark: The Reality of Unfinished Stories
Paul Auster’s Narrative Style: Avoiding Spoilers
I could detail the events that follow, what happens to the old man himself in the story Paul Auster tells us, and what happens to Owen Brick, but the narrative focuses primarily on August Brill. There are parallel stories that do not end well, reflecting circumstances of American life that are not identical. But I will say nothing of such vicissitudes. I do not want to spoil the reading of this book by committing the sin of indiscretion. Nor will I
Read MoreUnderstanding Linguistic Signs: Structure, Features, and Types
Understanding Signs in Communication
Signs are elements of communication that represent another entity. For example, a flag represents a specific nation. A sign serves a threefold function: to represent or take the place of something, to reveal and publicize, and the reality represented, revealed, and known through the sign is its meaning. We can therefore say that there is no sign without meaning, nor meaning to refer to without a sign that expresses it.
The Linguistic Sign: Components and Definition
The
Read MoreEssential Skills for Academic & IT Success
Unit 14: Working with the Text
1. Erasmus Program Participant
Niamh is the student participating in the Erasmus program.
2. Understanding Key Phrases
- a. “We should all apply for it.” This is a recommendation that all students apply for the Erasmus project.
- b. “We all were still grateful.” They were grateful despite not getting what they wanted.
- c. “After filling out papers and forms.” This refers to completing the necessary paperwork for the project.
- d. “I would like to set up.” She wants to begin the