Apartheid in South Africa: A History of Racial Segregation and Resistance
Top of the World War: The beginning was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, by a Serbian student in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina). In response, Austria declared war on Serbia, triggering a chain reaction as their allies (those in the Triple Alliance and Entente) joined the conflict. The murder occurred on June 28, 1914, and the war began on July 28, 1914. The United States intervened in 1917 after Germany sank the Lusitania, a passenger
Read MoreThe Spanish Civil War: A Concise Overview
1. The Military Uprising
1.1. Plans of the Conspirators
The military conspiracy was initiated following the victory of the Popular Front in the February 1936 elections. The conspiracy involved both civil and military personnel. The July 1936 coup was planned by disgruntled military generals: Mola, Sanjurjo, and Franco.
General Emilio Mola, based in Pamplona, headed the operation. General Sanjurjo, designated to lead the military directory after the coup, died in a plane crash in the early days of the
Read MoreAmerican History Mid-Term Review: Key Events & Figures (1860-1900)
American History Mid-Term Review
Key Events and Figures (1860-1900)
The Civil War and Reconstruction
Key Figures
- Jefferson Davis – President of the Confederate States of America; ordered the attack on Fort Sumter, initiating the Civil War.
- Abraham Lincoln – President of the United States; issued the Emancipation Proclamation and oversaw the Union victory.
- Ulysses S. Grant – Union General; key figure in the Union victory and later became the 18th President of the United States.
- William T. Sherman – Union
17th Century Europe: War, Peace, and the Rise of New Powers
1. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
Between 1618 and 1648, Europe was engaged in a lengthy conflict known as the Thirty Years’ War. This war stemmed from religious tensions between the Habsburgs (ruling Spain and the Holy Roman Empire) and the German Protestant Princes.
The conflict began when Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Bohemia attempted to restrict the religious activities of his subjects, leading to a Protestant rebellion. Ferdinand II sought assistance from his nephew, the Spanish Monarch
Read MoreSpain Under Franco’s Regime (1939-1959): Political, Economic, and Social Transformations
1. Political, Economic, and Social Developments in Spain Until 1959
Establishment of Franco’s Regime
Following the Spanish Civil War, General Francisco Franco established a dictatorship known as the “New State.” This regime was deeply rooted in the ideals of the Nationalist faction, emphasizing a strong, centralized government, a social order aligned with Catholic doctrine, and the ideology of the Falange party. Franco consolidated power, shaping a military dictatorship with strong ties to the Church.
Read MoreThe Rise of Jeffersonian Democracy and the War of 1812
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
Alexander Hamilton, a victim of arrogance, privately printed a pamphlet that attacked the credibility of President John Adams. The Jeffersonians soon got a hold of this and published it to the masses.
The most damaging blow to the Federalists was the refusal of Adams to give them a rousing fight with France. Their feverish war preparations had swelled the public debt and had required disagreeable new taxes, including a stamp tax. The war scare died out. The military