Spain’s Restoration (1874-1923): Politics, Society, and Conflicts
The Restoration (1874-1923)
Constitution of 1876
Principles:
- Shared sovereignty between the Courts (Chamber of Deputies and Senate) and the Crown.
- Voting rights: Initially based on census (Cánovas’ Conservatives), later universal male suffrage (Sagasta’s Liberals, 1890).
- Crown as a pillar of the regime.
- Catholic confessional state with tolerated non-Catholic worship.
- Extensive bill of rights.
- Centralized administrative and political organization.
- Alternation between two major parties (Liberals and Conservatives)
The Russian Revolution: From Tsarism to Dual Power
The Rise of Opposition to Tsarism
Growing opposition to Tsarism and Russia’s archaic social structure emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. This was fueled by industrialization, which spread liberal ideas and new worker doctrines like anarchism and Marxism. A strong populist movement, known as Narodniks, took root among the people. Within this populist environment, anarchism flourished, producing prominent intellectuals like Bakunin and Kropotkin. Organizations such as “Land and Liberty”
Read MoreModernization and Crisis in Franco’s Spain
1. The Growth of the Sixties
Corrective action came with the Stabilization Plan (1959), adding economic and social development plans. The focus shifted to the industrial sector. Structural measures addressed industry shortcomings, fostering development and privatizing basic infrastructure. Industries producing fundamental goods and services consolidated as per capita income rose. Industrial growth, driven by technology and capital, improved productivity, lowered prices, increased wages, and boosted
Read MoreSpain’s Restoration (1874-1931): Constitution, Bipartisanship, and Opposition
The Cánovas System: The 1876 Constitution and the Turn of Parties
The new political system designed by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo was based on a two-party system (Conservative and Liberal) that alternated in power. This system marginalized large segments of the population through controlled elections and limited political participation. To ensure stability, the two dynastic parties agreed on a new constitution in 1876.
The Constitution of 1876
Following the 1876 elections, the winning government
Read MoreSpain: Isolation, Development, and Opening (1939-1975)
Isolation and autarky-a.2GM (1939-1945) and b.Aïllament international 1.Aïllament and exit regime (1945-1950) and 2.Sortida insulation, timidly opening (1950-1959) .
Desarrollisme + echo desevolupament-cultural transformations.
SPAIN 1939-1940 (2GM neutrality with respect), 1941-1943 (not beligerància = not aggressive non XK gets into the war, but is in favor of Germany. A +, creates the “blue Dvisión” to fight the communists), 1943-1945 (2GM neutrality on the XK are defeated Germany and
The Second Spanish Republic: Stages, Conflicts, and the Path to Civil War
The Second Spanish Republic: A Tumultuous Journey
The Progressive Biennium (1931-1933)
The Second Republic began with the election of Alcalá Zamora as President and Manuel Azaña forming a coalition government with the Socialists. Azaña, a man of great intellect and vision, spearheaded a period of rapid reform aimed at modernizing Spain. Despite economic challenges, these reforms targeted long-standing obstacles to progress.
However, the Republic faced immediate challenges:
- Strained Church Relations: