Spain: Isolation, Development, and Opening (1939-1975)
Isolation and autarky-a.2GM (1939-1945) and b.Aïllament international 1.Aïllament and exit regime (1945-1950) and 2.Sortida insulation, timidly opening (1950-1959) .
Desarrollisme + echo desevolupament-cultural transformations.
SPAIN 1939-1940 (2GM neutrality with respect), 1941-1943 (not beligerància = not aggressive non XK gets into the war, but is in favor of Germany. A +, creates the “blue Dvisión” to fight the communists), 1943-1945 (2GM neutrality on the XK are defeated Germany and Japan).
Single game:
40 of 100 deputies elected by Franco era, others were appointed by mayors k were chosen by the government and the government was chosen by Franco, finally, rectors of the universities were the most important k were appointed by the Minister of Education was appointed by Franco k = all, directly and indirectly decides Franco.
Franco and the Axis 2GM
The defeat led to a “manipulation” of the regime: abandonment of the most fascist, so that the regime was defined as an organic democracy (not a liberal / corporate state = society comprises different people to form a single body, typical of fascist regimes), the Constitution is replaced by the LO.
Laws & Highlights:
Outside of
Spanish,
1945 (rights of espñols), the National Referendum
Act,
1945 (any important decision s’ was to expose and “vote” yes or no according to all major Spanish 23 years, but there was only propaganda yes XK propaganda was forbidden, so only did the state k, k always favored) ;
Succession
Act,
1947 (the jefatura State. The Franco’s successor is chosen by Franco. This law became a kingdom without a king in Spain and was approved in a referendum);
Outside work,
1938 (rights streballadors). * All this led to the 1945-1946
K there is a withdrawal of ambassadors, k d etal way Spain is not without political echo, only had to portugal and Argentina XK are dictatorships. A +, from 1947 began the Cold War, in which Espanua is a good strategic acaabr with the USSR, the capitalist side of the block, and is a atrctiu XK capitalists can counterattack and military bases to remain with the Mediterranean. This made the block k start promoting capitalist and agree with the Franco regime.
National Catholicism:
Catholic state gets to the point k books are reviewed and censored by the Church, very important point for the echo the country.
Repression and social control:
the state persecuted opponents of the basic principles of the dictatorship and suppress k manis defend liberalism.
Respressió political persecution of those are against the regime k = k entities pursuing the creation of opposition (to the early 60s.)
Suppression echo:
the State acts against social classes k recolçen him.
Franco TASTING Human Costs war:
75,000 dead and 60,000 exiles tasting population = 4.5%.
about 1936 the population decreased.
low birth + M € and high mortality (posguerra). To reach 250,000 Imigrants Tasting (southern plateau) for counter-agrarian Franco.
Francoist policy toward Taste:
5 April 1938 (abolition of the Statute of tasting) begins the destruction of autonomous and tasting begins Tasting Spanish. The new authorities felt that they had Tasting joining the nation is’imposa Spanish Spanish as the sole official language of tasting.
“Adictos, desafectos and indifferent”:
The deployment of the new regime came through a centralized and undemocratic politics that had the highest representation: the civil governor (government representatives in the provinces and the heads of administration center) and Captain General.
Autarky, misery and rationing implications blockage echo = GDP growth does not grow, reducing competitiveness; desaprofitamenr echo favorable conjuncture of the world posguerra. * United States to grow significantly from the 60s.
Axes of actuacció:
1.Reglamentació le simportacions; 2.Reglamentació d elems exports. To do so was established 2 things: 1.Cuotes imports (hen fixed amount) and very high 2.Arrancels ak consumers to buy products español español + XK are cheap and, sometimes, – quality. Therefore, the products were encarrir español. The other axis is that the government created a company controls another company k (holding) state k is calledInstituto Nacional de Industria (INI).
Features:
group of public companies with the aim of producing as much as possible without considering the costs and sectors.
Result:
misery, famine and rationing = black market.
Political opposition and the workers to end the unrest
G. Civil many people were in exile, those k usually had political activities. Therefore, most political leaders and union leaders were exiled. Typically, exile in France, the peri al’iniciar be 2GM people walked off Mexico, England or Northern Africa. Moreover, many Spanish intellectuals fled XK there was creative freedom. A +, part of the civilian population were also exiled, but the vast msjoría these sectors were closed to labor camps orconcentration. But when Germany invaded France and these people fought against the Germans or the French nation with the pick and tench in the camps. But the important thing was the distanciació + l ¡opposition between inside and outside, since k d efora people being away from reality k lived in Spain, so many of the k opposition parties Franco disappeared or were divided (as the PSOE). A + to +, there was a clandestine opposition, strong & weak at first and after. It is the hope k Americans troops will be out in Spain, defeated fascism and build a democracy. This hope was by communists and anarchists (maquis), k d etal way atemtats is’amagaven were in the mountains, but this did not happen, the Franco regime is + strong and consolidated with the Cold War and the triumphs of ‘Germany. From1949-1950 k watching the Franco regime was defeated and was admitted for € + force began to take the Communist Party, all ik continued armed struggle, especially mong Communist parties, which will last until early 60. A + GLS msjoría opposition political parties disappeared (like the POUM). Furthermore, although there hen strong repression, began to protest working k always occur in industrial areas or on the part of the Cantabrian mountain range. These protests were becoming intense + in the 50s. In March 1951 became the tram strike (Barcelona), users do not catch XK tram ticket prices rose a lot and only in Barcelona, for example, in Madrid did not raise prices.
Technocrats people better prepared academically k = ociparant charged poñítics very important ministers normally echo. This was done to create1959 + a free market.
The first attempts OPENING inflation increases, wages are stagnant and the Spaniards had insufficient food (d eracionamiento card). So he lost the political importance of the echo state autonomy, of the Franco etal k ve k so this will take the country to ruin and the
50s provides a minimum opening, but liberalism. A + XK international conditions have changed in Spain came to Cold War against communism convatir XK was a good strategic point. Therefore, from Spain back in 1949 to establish diplomatic relations XK interest in the fight against the USSR, but the key this year and opening of el’Estat Spanish international recognition was in 1953, Spain is already an agreement k with the Church (new concordat), ie the agreement with the U.S. Military bases and RPO / join UN agencies (including FAO) up to k1955 enters the UN. All this led to small changes in Spain, such as reduction of Ministers of the Falange il’exèrcit, XK international not interested. A +, Luis Carrero
Blanco, part of Opus (technocrats), became the bicepresident after having been Secretary of FANCA. Moreover, between 1956 and 1958 there were protests by workers in industrial centers k wage claims led a movement vaguístic great. A + in January 1957, again there’s a boycott of trams il’inici student movement.