The Regency of Maria Cristina and the 1868 Revolution: A Tumultuous Era in Spanish History
The Regency of Maria Cristina (1833-1840)
During Isabel II’s minority, the outbreak of war and the need for support led to the appointment of the moderate Martínez de la Rosa as Prime Minister. An amnesty allowed exiles to return, press freedom was limited, and the national militia was re-established. The Royal Statute, governing the convening of a conservative and elitist Cortes, limited voting and granted the crown legislative and dissolution powers. Parliamentary debates saw moderate and radical
Read MoreSpanish Monarchy: 15th & 16th Century Rule
The Catholic Monarchs (1474-1516)
Conquest of Granada (1482-1492)
The Granada War, marked by Christian military strength and internal conflicts within the Muslim kingdom, began in 1482. Key victories included the conquests of Ronda (1485) and Malaga (1486). The final siege of Granada (1491-1492) culminated in the surrender of Boabdil, ending Muslim rule on the Iberian Peninsula.
International Politics
The Catholic Monarchs pursued several objectives:
- Recovery of territories (Roussillon, Sardinia, Naples)
The French Revolution: From Monarchy to Republic
Causes of the Revolution (1789)
France faced a deep economic and social crisis. Poor harvests since 1760 caused rising food prices and popular discontent. The bourgeoisie, enriched by 18th-century economic growth, resented their political marginalization. Encouraged by Enlightenment ideals, they sought to end absolutism and the Ancien Régime. The monarchy faced a financial crisis due to high state spending, including aid to the United States’ independence. Tax reform or taxing the aristocracy
Read MorePrehistoric Spain & Late Medieval Crisis (14th-15th C.)
ITEM 1: PREHISTORIC AND ANCIENT: 1. The Paleolithic. A) Lower Palaeolithic:
discoveries now in the Sierra de Atapuerca, near Burgos. In 1994, a survey into the abyss called Gran Dolina, are remains of a hominid which is about dating to 780,000 years ago. This can slow subsequent findings that date to the 1,200,000 years. Even the oldest hominids found in Europe. The Atapuerca team members, an come to the conclusion q is a hominid species other than Homo erectus. And they have proposed a new hypothesis
French & American Revolutions: A Comparative Overview
The French Revolution
Pre-Revolutionary Phase (1787-1788)
Under Louis XVI, France faced severe financial difficulties due to extravagant spending and costly wars. Taxes disproportionately affected farmers and merchants while the privileged classes remained exempt. The rising cost of basic goods further exacerbated the situation. The privileged classes petitioned the King to convene the Estates-General, an assembly representing the three estates of French society.
Revolution and Constitutional Monarchy
Read MoreThe Commonwealth, WWI’s Impact on Spain, and the Rise of Primo de Rivera
4.3. The commonwealth was tnir two fundamental directions: on one hand and creating a nfraestru ctura utilities and basic administrative potenciesin economic development and also the foundation of the Catalan language and culture in fields of ‘a cultural project and educatiu.Va speak much of their resources in a Wave of improving the road network and postal and telephone systems tmb. ACTION PLAN endengar was a request that sought the modrnitzacio forms of production and increased productivity of