The Spanish Monarchy: From Isabella and Ferdinand to the 17th Century
The Reign of the Catholic Monarchs (1469-1516)
The Dynastic Union
Isabella and Ferdinand married in 1469, uniting the Crowns of Castile and Aragon. Following the death of Henry IV, civil war erupted in Castile. The Battle of Toro in 1476 and the subsequent Treaty of Alcáçovas with Portugal secured Isabella’s recognition as Queen of Castile. The treaty also stipulated Spanish control over the African coast south of the Canary Islands. The union of Castile and Aragon was solidified with Ferdinand’
Read MorePeriods in Chilean History: Parliamentary, Presidential, and Conservative Republics
Parliamentary Republic (1891-1925)
This period, characterized by a pseudo-parliamentary regime, saw the dominance of Congress over the President. It began with the Civil War of 1891 and ended with the 1924 coup, leading to the 1925 Constitution and a presidential regime.
Key Features:
- Congress held significant power over the President.
- The 1833 Constitution’s interpretation of President-Congress relations shaped the political landscape.
- The oligarchy, comprising foreigners, politicians, intellectuals,
The Reign of the Catholic Monarchs: Unification, Religion, and Power in Spain
The Catholic Monarchs:
The dynastic unity
Ten years after the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella was the dynastic union of both kingdoms. The political union of the two crowns raised 3 objectives: 1 grenade UNIFY 1492, Roussillon and Sardinia 1493, and Navarra 1515. There was also an attempt to join Portugal, via marriage. 2nd unit RELIGION: by inquisition, expulsion of Jews from 1492 and the XVI century Mudejar. Those who stayed behind, accepting the conversion were charged with false converts.
Francisco Goya: Life, Art, and Legacy
Francisco Goya: A Life in Art
Early Life and Education
Francisco Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, in 1746. His parents were José Benito de Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. Goya spent his childhood in Fuendetodos, in a house bearing his mother’s family crest. His father worked as a gilder. Around 1749, the family purchased a house in Zaragoza and moved there a few years later.
Goya attended Escuelas Pias, where he became close friends with Martin Zapater. Their correspondence
Read MoreConstitutions & Regency in 19th Century Spain: A Political Overview
Constitutions Without Consensus in 19th Century Spain
The political landscape during the reign of Isabella II was marked by a series of constitutions imposed by successive governments.
3.1 The Royal Statute of 1834
When Maria Cristina served as regent, she adhered to the following principles:
- The crown relinquished sovereignty but yielded some power to the courts.
- The monarch could not legislate without the courts’ proposal, but the monarch summoned the courts. This system is known as shared sovereignty.
The Rise and Fall of Al-Andalus: A History of Muslim Spain
Al-Andalus:
the reasons for the Muslims invaded Visigoth state q was suffering from a profound crisis by continuing problems of succession of the monarchy and finally by the momentum q expansive Islam conquered a vast territory from the Maghreb to the Persian empire. The army led by Tariq Berbers crossed the Strait of Gibraltar in 711 to intervene in the Civil War between the Visigoths inheritance problems, a few months later, faced with Rodrigo in the river Guadalete q battle ended with the defeat