Francoist Spain: Ideological Roots and Societal Impact
Introduction
Following the Spanish Civil War, Spain was devastated demographically, socially, and economically. However, the moral consequences were the most significant. The wounds caused by the repression on both sides, and carried out by the Franco regime after the war (imprisonment, death, marginalization), meant that the war did not bring peace but victory. The regime was dedicated to erasing all traces of the existing Republican society. From 1939 to 1948, Spain experienced the most repressive
Read MoreIndustrial Revolution to World War I: 1870-1918
The Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution (1870-1914)
The world entered a new phase of industrialization. The economic leadership of Britain was shared with countries like Germany, the U.S., and Japan.
New Sources of Energy
Electricity and oil supplanted coal. Electricity had applications in industry, transport, communication systems, and lighting. Oil enabled their use as fuel, leading to the appearance of automobiles. The chemical industry developed in Germany, achieving breakthroughs with chemicals
Read MoreMiguel Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship in Spain: 1923-1930
The Dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923-1930)
In 1923, the Restoration regime came to an end when, on September 13th, General Miguel Primo de Rivera led a military coup.
Circumstances Leading to the Dictatorship
Deterioration of the Parliamentary System: The parliamentary system was discredited by continuous electoral fraud. Spain entered a revolutionary phase, witnessing the final breakdown of the system of Canovas, which could no longer control the situation.
Social Problems: Between 1917
The Spanish Monarchy’s Fall: Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship
Introduction
The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera aimed to utilize a new system of governance. Primo de Rivera was replaced by an authoritarian model. However, authoritarianism did not solve the problems of the state. In addition, it ultimately ended the monarchy.
The Putsch
On September 13, 1923, Rivera’s cousin rose against the government in Barcelona, publishing a manifesto in newspapers the next day. He justified the coup by citing the crisis of the Restoration. He included Regeneracionista language
Read MoreDecolonization and the Rise of the Third World: 1945-Present
Decolonization
Causes:
- The weakening of European powers after the two World Wars.
- The existence of indigenous elites: The metropolises had created colonial cultures and enriched a minority of future leaders that emerged from decolonization.
- The role of the U.S. and the USSR was instrumental in supporting the decolonization process: Both states provided ideological, political, and military support. Decolonization weakened the European powers and helped consolidate the new order led by the two superpowers.
Spanish Civil War: Military Uprising, Development, and Aftermath
Military Uprising and Internationalization
The Military Plot
The coup plot against the Republic was born on the day of the February elections. The organizer and director until July was General Mola. The plan consisted of a simultaneous delivery of military garrisons, with Madrid and Barcelona as keys to success. In reserve was the African army, under General Franco. The supreme leader who should lead the uprising was General José Sanjurjo, in exile in Portugal, and respected by all managers. The
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