Venezuelan Political History: Key Figures and Events
Features of Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl’s Government
In his government, Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl promoted construction materials such as the Hospital Vargas, abolished military delegations, concentrated weapons in national parks, and replaced some military commanders and state presidents with his own people or unconditional friends. He stepped down on May 18, resulting in a political crisis.
Features of Raimundo Andueza Palacio’s Government
Raimundo Andueza Palacio excluded Guzmán’s supporters from the government
Read MoreSpain’s Restoration Crisis and Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship (1902-1930)
ITEM XII: The Crisis of the Restoration (1902-1923)
1. Introduction: Socio-Political Situation in Spain in the Early Twentieth Century
In 1900, Spain was still an agrarian country, which meant the rural population lived in poverty. This delay must be added to the unequal distribution of wealth, especially land. This situation led to the development of a very vindictive worker and peasant movement. This delay was also cultural, with very high illiteracy rates (56% of men and 72% of women were illiterate)
Read MoreEstablishment of the Second Spanish Republic & 1931 Constitution
The Second Republic and the Constitution of 1931
I. The Establishment of the Second Republic and the Constitution of 1931
A. Establishment
Background: The monarchy of Alfonso XIII was a political system in decline. Alfonso XIII was accused, among other things, of being a traitor to the very Constitution (by accepting the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera) and to the Annual. In 1926, during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, different politicians met to try to end the monarchy and establish a Second
Read MoreSpain’s Second Republic: Rise, Reforms, and Fall (1931-1936)
The Fall of the Monarchy and Rise of the Second Republic
Following the resignation of Primo de Rivera, King Alfonso XIII appointed General Damaso Berenguer as the new head of government. Berenguer faced a difficult task: replacing the liberal constitutional system suspended during the dictatorship and saving the figure of Alfonso XIII by preventing the king from being held responsible for the coup. In early 1931, Admiral Aznar replaced Berenguer and called a general election on April 12. Republican
Read MoreSpanish Civil War 1936-1939: Causes and International Impact
**Item 20. The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939**
1. Introduction
1.1 Conspiracy
The Spanish Civil War was the form taken in Spain during the crisis sweeping the world and Europe. Three trends tried to resolve the crisis of capitalism and social demands:
- Communism
- Bourgeois democracy
- Fascism
The reforms of the Republic governments had failed to halt the two trends:
- A workers’ revolution
- An authoritarian state
In Spain, the war was also an armed clash between the old dominant groups of the Spanish Restoration
Read MoreSpain in the 17th Century: Habsburg Rule and Conflicts
Spain in the 17th Century: Habsburg Rule and Internal Conflicts
The Reign of the 17th Century Habsburgs: Rule of Favorites and Internal Conflicts
The 17th century saw the rise of *validos*, a figure that appeared in various European countries. A *valido* was a character, almost always a member of the aristocracy, in whom the king placed his trust, effectively handing over the reins of government. In the case of the Spanish Habsburgs, this figure reflected the kings’ lack of interest in governing and
Read More