From Scientific Revolution to Global Change: 16th-20th Centuries
1. Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
1.1 Scientific Revolution and the Scientific Method
- Definition: A period in the 16th-17th centuries where traditional beliefs were replaced with new ideas based on observation, experimentation, and evidence.
- Key Contributions:
- Heliocentric Model:
- Nicolaus Copernicus (Poland):
- Proposed that the Sun, not Earth, is the center of the universe.
- Work: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies (1543).
- Published shortly before his death to avoid persecution by the Catholic
- Nicolaus Copernicus (Poland):
- Heliocentric Model:
Francoist Spain: 1939-1975, Regime and International Relations
Definition
Francoism was a dictatorship imposed by the victors of the Spanish Civil War. In the 1940s, it evolved according to the international situation, moving from a period of totalitarian Falangist influence to one influenced by Catholic political conservatives. In 1957, these conservatives began to be replaced by technocrats of OPUS DEI.
Ideological Foundations
- Authoritarianism: Influenced by fascism and conservative Spanish tradition, with Franco as the political and military chief.
- Nationalist
Crisis and Instability of the Spanish Restoration: 1898-1909
Crisis and Instability of the Restoration
1. The Crisis of 1898 and Colonial Problems
1.1. The War in Cuba and the Philippines
The Restoration regime was greatly affected by the so-called Cuban question, which included the following issues:
- Outbreaks of unrest caused by Cuban independence: the little war known as the 1879 war, the uprisings of 1883 and 1885. These conflicts and repression, coupled with a long war (1868-1878), fed popular nationalism in Cuba, joined by the slaves as well as the rich
Ancient Egypt: Society, Culture, and the Nile’s Influence
The Nile River Valley in northeastern Africa saw the development of Egyptian civilization thousands of years ago. The ancient Egyptians built surprising pyramids and temples, left thousands of written documents, and lived in cities located along the river. Some of these constructions and documents have endured the course of time, allowing us to know the history of Egypt. Their art was created to last forever. Its role was to venerate the gods, the pharaoh, and the dead to ensure the best life in
Read MoreHabsburg Spain in the 16th Century: Politics, Economy, Society, and Culture
The Political Model of the Habsburgs: The Union of the Kingdoms
During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain evolved from a feudal state to one dominated by an authoritarian monarchy. Under the Habsburg dynasty, Castile transitioned from an authoritarian to an absolutist monarchy. Aragon, meanwhile, retained an institutional system based on the pactista theory.
Overall, the Habsburg political model can be defined as a multinational and decentralized monarchy under the primacy of the Crown of
Read MoreSpanish Independence War: Mayors of Móstoles, Constitution of 1812
Side of Mayors of Móstoles
Justices of the Peoples: The term generally refers to local authorities exercising administrative and judicial power, such was the case of the mayors who could have as judge of first instance.
This town capital: Refers to the village and court of Madrid, capital of the kingdom.
Court: Can be understood as the place where the King lives (palace or town) and also the group of senior government officials and service personnel of the Crown.
Nation: The term, unlike the State,
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