Maria Cristina’s Regency and Espartero’s Rise: Spain’s Tumultuous Era
The Regency of Maria Cristina and Espartero
The regency of Maria Cristina was marked by civil war and confrontation between the generals whose wills and criteria dominated not only the life of the country but also the early development of the political parties. Francisco Cea Bermúdez, very close to the thesis of absolutism of the late Fernando VII, was the first President of the Council of Ministers. The absence of liberal conquests forced Cea out, and the arrival of Martinez de la Rosa, who persuaded
Read MoreMughal Architecture: History, Characteristics, and Examples
Mughal architecture is a type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries throughout their ever-changing empire in the Indian subcontinent. It evolved from the architectural styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India and from Iranian and Central Asian architectural traditions, particularly Timurid architecture. It also further incorporated and syncretized influences from wider Indian architecture, especially during the reign of Akbar. Mughal buildings
Read MoreMarxism, Anarchism, Nationalism, Imperialism & Spanish History
Marxism and Anarchism
Marxism: An ideology of the labor movement and one of the most important social theories, named after Karl Marx. This theory posits that industrial societies are characterized by a class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the workers (proletariat). Marx proposed that workers should carry out a revolution to overthrow capitalism and empower the working class. This gave rise to socialist parties starting from 1875.
Anarchism: This ideology opposes the state and advocates for
Read MoreSpain’s Role in the EU and International Relations
Spain’s Integration into the European Union
The historical background of relations between Spain and the European Community dates back to 1962. During a period of greater international recognition of the Francoist state, Minister of Foreign Affairs Fernando Maria Castiella publicly requested membership. This was not achieved, and it was not until 1970 that a preferential agreement with the EEC was signed. This agreement facilitated the export of Spanish products to these markets and led to the formation
Read MoreColonial War, Cuban Independence, and the 1898 Crisis
Colonial War (1895-1898) and the Crisis of 1898
Background
In October 1868, an insurrection broke out in Cuba – The Long War – initiated by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes with the Grito de Yara. The United States supported this movement.
In 1878, Martínez Campos signed the Zanjón Peace, which included the improvement of administrative and political conditions and a broad amnesty.
A year later, a new revolt broke out, the Little War, which was easily suppressed but served as a prelude to the Cuban Independence
Read MoreSpain’s 19th Century: Key Events & Figures
19th Century Spain: Key Events and Figures
1820: Military troops in Latin America were ordered to swear allegiance to the 1812 Constitution during the Constitutional Triennium.
1823: The French army entered Spain, restoring absolute monarch Fernando VII and ending the liberal Triennium. The 1812 Constitution was suppressed.
1833: The Salic Law was revealed. Upon Fernando VII’s death, his three-year-old daughter Isabel became heir. His widow, acting as regent, leaned on the Liberals against his brother
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