Revolutionary Cycles in 1820, 1830, and 1848 Europe
Revolutionary Cycles in Europe: 1820, 1830, and 1848
Opposition to the Restoration System: Liberalism and Nationalism
Status of the Restoration: Conquerors of Napoleon, Holy Alliance, charter granted (see previous item).
Ideological Tendencies Against the Restoration:
- The bourgeoisie does not accept a return to the Ancien Régime.
- Joint interest of the bourgeois intellectuals; workers will request universal suffrage.
- Spread through Western Europe.
Liberalism
- Disseminated writings of philosophers (Benjamin
Conservative Reformism: A Period of Political Instability
T-9: Conservative Reformism
Introduction
The reign of Alfonso XIII saw a period of political instability. The initial strong start of the reign was followed by a crisis. The dynastic parties initiated reforms to regenerate political life. The conservative governments attempted some reforms, such as the ACIENDA, local government or electoral law. But the attempt to clean up the political system was a failure. While the Turno parties were losing influence, the opposition was strengthened.
Republicanism
Republicanism
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: Social Revolution and Rebel Control
The Two Sides of the Spanish Civil War
Social Revolution in the Republican Zone
The defense of the Republic largely relied on party members and left-wing trade unions. This led to the formation of committees, bodies of popular power, which directed the war effort and civilian life in the rear. Workers’ committees occupied factories and collectivized them. Land was confiscated from landlords and distributed to peasant groups.
This revolutionary process was driven by labor forces, especially anarcho-
Read MoreSpain’s History: Monarchy to Franco (1875-1975)
Timeline of Key Events in Spain (1875-1975)
1875-1939: Restoration, Crisis, and Republic
- 1875: Monarchy restored.
- 1876: Moderate constitution adopted.
- 1877: Law of Association.
- 1888: UGT (General Union of Workers) formed.
- 1894: Loss of Cuba.
- 1896: Loss of the Philippines.
- 1897: PNV (Basque Nationalist Party) formed.
- 1898: Spain signs the Treaty of Paris.
- 1902: Alfonso XIII accedes to the throne.
- 1917-1923: Crisis of the Cánovas system.
- 1923: Coup d’état.
- 1931: Second Republic declared.
- 1931-1933: Reformist
Catalan Left and Renaissance: History and Political Movements
The Catalan Left
The Catalan Left: During the early twentieth century, Catalan esquerres (left-wing movements) often lacked cohesion. Until 1910, left-wing sectors of Solidaritat Catalana were working to establish a Catalan Republican Party with autonomy: the Federal Union Nationalist Republican (UFNR). In the elections of 1910, the UFNR achieved some success but could not overcome the dominance of the Radical Republican Party. Founded in 1908, Lerroux’s Radical Republican Party had successfully
Read More19th-Century European Nationalism: Italy and Germany
The Rise of Nationalism in 19th-Century Europe
Nationalism developed in the 19th century when people who shared the same culture and language began to think of themselves as a ‘nation’. At the same time, many nationalists wanted political boundaries to coincide with religious, ethnic, and linguistic boundaries. In this way, a nation would live in a single country: a nation-state. Nationalism greatly influenced the political history of Europe in two different ways:
- Disintegration of states: Some nations