World War I, World War II, Cold War: Causes and Effects
World War I (1914-1918)
Cause: Assassination of the heir of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo.
Before:
- Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
- Triple Entente: Russia, France, Great Britain
After:
- Triple Alliance: Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire, Germany, Austria-Hungary
- Triple Entente: Italy, Portugal, Greece, Romania, Japan, USA, Britain, France, Russia
World War II (1939-1945)
Causes: Expansion of Italy, Japan, and Germany; disobedience of the Versailles Treaty (which forbade German rearmament); the Crash
Read MoreSpain’s Glorious Revolution, WWI, and Unifications
The Glorious Revolution: A first attempt to establish democracy in Spain, marked by the approval of the Constitution of 1869. This was the most progressive Spanish constitution of the 19th century, establishing universal manhood suffrage and expanding rights and freedoms.
The period spanned six years, featuring two political systems:
- 1871 – 1873: Democratic Monarchy: King Victor Emmanuel’s son, Amadeo of Savoy, became king. However, he faced unpopularity and struggled to gain support. He abdicated
Ferdinand VII’s Reign: Absolutism and Liberal Uprisings
Ferdinand VII’s Return to Spain and the Restoration of Absolutism
Ferdinand VII returned to Spain in 1813, following the Treaty of Valençay, amidst an atmosphere of enthusiasm and cheers. Advocates of absolutism urged Ferdinand VII to restore the old order. Before Ferdinand VII even reached Madrid, the Manifesto of the Persians was presented, encouraging the king to disregard liberal proposals.
Ferdinand VII, nullified the Cadiz Constitution of 1812 and all the legislative work of the Courts of Cádiz
Read MoreRegency of Isabella II: Political and Economic Changes
2 Elizabeth II from 1833 to 1843: The Regencies
The period is divided into two regencies:
Regency of María Cristina (1833-1840)
Following the death of Ferdinand VII, his wife and widow, María Cristina, assumed the regency due to the minority of Isabella II. The ruler, Cea Bermudez, remained in government, intending to maintain the existing political and economic system. However, he was forced to make concessions, though not enough to modernize the country politically, economically, or administratively.
Read MorePolitical Parties in Spain: A Look at the Republican Era
Republican Action: Led by Manuel Azaña. The political agenda included:
Modernizing the country by driving a complete reform of the structures.
Strengthening democratic institutions.
To achieve these two objectives, Azaña made a pact with the PSOE, implementing reforms focusing on agriculture,
Health, education, armed forces, and granting regional autonomy. They had supporters in the middle classes
of cities. Later, it merged with the Socialist Radical Party to form the Republican Left.
·
Ancient Greek Historiography and Oratory: Herodotus to Demosthenes
Ancient Greek Historiography and Oratory
Item 9
There are two periods in historiography: the first from Homer to Herodotus, and the second from Herodotus to Polybius and Latin historiography.
Herodotus
Herodotus lived during the Second Persian War and the start of the Peloponnesian War. He authored a historical work, divided by the Alexandrians. The work focuses on the wars that confronted the Greeks and Persians.
Main Features of Herodotus’ Work:
- The theme is the Persian Wars.
- It is a universal story.