Nationalism, Expansion, and Imperialism: A Concise Analysis
Nationalism and National Processes
Nationalism spurred national processes.
Nation: A group of people born in the same place under the power of a monarch who controlled different areas.
The German Romantics defended the cultural conception of the nation, believing it to be a living being, created over time, with its own culture, language, history, and right to organize itself as a sovereign state.
French theorists posed a political conception of the nation as a voluntary decision by a group of people
Read MoreCrusades, Romanesque Art, and the Black Death: Key Facts
The Crusades
1. What were the Crusades?
- They were expeditions formed by Christian kings, knights, and vassals.
- They set off into the Eastern Mediterranean to reconquer the Holy Land, which was under Muslim control.
Romanesque Art
2. What was Romanesque art?
It was a new artistic style that spread throughout Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries.
Characteristics of Romanesque Art
3. Explain the characteristics of Romanesque art (6)
- It is the first fully European style.
- It was inspired by the art of Ancient
Vergara Convention: Ending the First Carlist War
Vergara Convention
The Vergara Convention was an agreement between Espartero and Maroto, recognizing the jobs, degrees, and awards of the Army General Maroto. Those who signed were released to serve the Constitution of 1837, the throne of Elizabeth II, and the regency of her mother, or retire to their homes with weapons.
Key Figures
- Baldomero Espartero: (1793-1879), Spanish soldier and politician, ruler of the kingdom (1840-1843) and president of government (1837, 1840-1841, 1854-1856), central figure
French Revolution: Causes, Events, and Napoleon’s Rise
Definitions
- Sans-culottes: Appeared in France during the French Revolution. They were workers from the lower social classes, known for being the most radical group in France.
- Jacobins: Emerged at the end of the 18th century. They were a radical bourgeoisie, known for their radicalism and centralism.
- Terror: A period during the Convention, marked by Jacobins taking action against the moderate bourgeoisie and absolutists.
Causes of the French Revolution
Cultural Causes
- Liberal ideas criticizing absolutism
French History: Revolution, Empire, and Key Concepts
ITEM-3: Key Concepts in French History
Girondins
Members of a French revolutionary legislative group, the Assembly and the Convention. The Girondins came from the bourgeoisie, enriched by the commons. The name came from the fact that several members were from the Gironde district. They formed an ephemeral government, led by Dumouriez (March 1792), and constituted the moderate group of the Convention. They defended property rights, free trade, and the republic, and had the support of the people of
Read MoreConservative Reformism Decline in Spain: 1902-1917
The Decline of Conservative Reformism (1902-1917)
Alfonso XIII’s Reign and the Regeneration Attempt
The majority of Alfonso XIII (1902) began with a major crisis caused by the disaster of 1898. This led the dynastic parties (Conservatives and Liberals) to initiate a reform program to regenerate Spanish political life.
The Conservative governments of Silvela-Polavieja and Antonio Maura attempted, until 1909, reforms such as those of the Treasury, local government, and the electoral law. This attempt
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