Bourgeois Revolutions and Nationalism in 19th-Century Europe
Bourgeois Revolutions
The Restoration and the Revolution of 1830
The Congress of Vienna restored the borders prior to the French Revolution, swept away the monarchy and the French army, and created the Holy Alliance. However, the message of the French Revolution had spread among the European bourgeoisie, who saw liberalism as the best defense of their political ideology and interests.
In France, revolutions removed the power of absolute monarchs.
The French gentry ended Bourbon absolutism and implemented
Read MoreRed Badge of Courage: Key Questions & Answers
The Red Badge of Courage – Identification Questions
In what way do the men react to the tall soldier’s news?
·They discuss attentively
How does Jim persuade the soldiers about the news?
·By disdaining to produce proofs
What does the youth have a hard time believing?
·That he’s gonna engage in a war battle.
What does he picture himself doing in the war in his dream?
·Saving people with prowess
Why is the youth skeptical of the war taking place now?
·Because it must be some sort of a play affair
According
Read MoreCatholic Monarchs: Foreign and Internal Policies
Foreign Policy of the Catholic Monarchs
They had two main strategies:
Political marriages of their children with heirs of monarchs in European courts.
Military interventions of conquest in the Mediterranean, especially in the Italian peninsula and North Africa by Aragon.
Marriages of their children:
Elizabeth married Prince Alfonso of Portugal, and later Manuel I of Portugal, her first cousin.
John was very sick, but they married him to Margarita, the daughter of the King of Austria. He died at age 18.
Tragic Week: Deaths, Destruction, and Political Fallout
The Tragic Week: Deaths, Destruction, and Political Fallout
Implications:
The events resulted in significant deaths, injuries, and destruction.
- Deaths: 3 soldiers and 75 civilians (including anarchists and religious figures)
- Destruction: 40 buildings, primarily churches, monasteries, libraries, and some bourgeois houses and colleges, were damaged or destroyed.
- Suppression: The suppression occurred during detention. 1700 people were arrested, with some facing trial. Others were imprisoned, and 5 were
Spain’s Tumultuous Late 19th Century: From Revolution to Restoration
1866 (Ostende Pact) 17.9 / 1868 (Troops revolted and Admiral Topete in Cadiz to! Live with honor Spain). Uprisings occurred in Catalonia, Andalusia, and Valencia. Uprising in the cities (Death to the Bourbons). Isabella II abdicates. A provisional government (progressive + unionists) led by General Serrano was formed. Winning elections are called liberals. Political program (suppression of lottery for military service and consumption tax).
1869 (The Constitution) National sovereignty, parliamentary
Read MoreKey Characteristics of the Enlightenment Movement
3-The Enlightenment was less a philosophical movement than an intellectual current.
The main characteristics of this movement are illustrated:
- In the religious sphere, the Enlightenment advocated religious tolerance. Many enlightened deists maintained natural religion, the theory that natural reason underlies the belief in the existence of a God who created the world. Natural religion is opposed to religious dogma and ensures an agreement on matters of faith and religious tolerance among all human