Modern Biotechnology: Core Techniques & Recombinant DNA Technology
Two Core Techniques that Enabled the Birth of Modern Biotechnology
Genetic engineering: Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA) to introduce into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the host organism.
Maintenance of sterile (microbial contamination-free) ambient chemical engineering processes: To enable the growth of only the desired microbe/eukaryotic cell in large quantities.
Conceptual Development of the Principle of Genetic Engineering
Asexual reproduction
Read MorePlant Reproduction: Fertilization & Embryo Development
Prefertilization: Structure and Events
The Flower
Hormonal and structural changes in plants lead to the development of the flower.
The androecium consists of a whorl of stamens representing the male sex organ.
The gynoecium represents the female reproductive organ.
Stamen, Microsporangium, and Pollen Grain
A typical stamen consists of two parts:
- A long and slender stalk called the filament
- A terminal bilobed structure called the anther
A typical angiosperm anther is bilobed.
Each lobe has two thecae (dithecous)
Read MoreRespiratory Care of Infants and Children: A Comprehensive Guide
Cold Stress
Cold stress (body temperature <36°C or hypothermia) increases O2 consumption and can cause hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, apnea, pulmonary vascular hypertension, and increase right to left shunt. The smaller the infant, the higher the temperature needed to maintain the neutral thermal environment (NTE). The renal system is immature, which makes it difficult to compensate for ventilatory acid-base imbalance. Due to the immaturity of the renal system, the acid-base balance status
Read MoreIntroduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Body
Difference Between Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy is the study of the body’s structures.
Physiology is the study of how those structures work (their function).
Levels of Organization of the Body
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ Systems
- Organismal
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment within normal limits. It’s a state of dynamic equilibrium.
How is Homeostasis Maintained?
- Homeostatic control mechanisms
- Mostly negative
Understanding Vegetarian Diets: Benefits, Risks, and Nutritional Considerations
Vegetarian Diet
Classification of Vegetarian Diets, Risks for Infants and Children
Definition
Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat, including red meat, poultry, seafood, and the flesh of any other animal.
Motivations for Choosing a Vegetarian Diet
- Abstention from by-products of animal slaughter
- Respect for life
- Other: health-related, political, environmental, cultural, aesthetic, or economic
Classification
- Ovo-vegetarian: Includes eggs but not dairy products.
- Lacto-vegetarian:
Micronutrient Deficiencies: Iodine, Iron, Vitamin A & Folate
Micronutrient Deficiencies
Iodine Deficiency
Iodine is an essential trace element.
Requirements:
- 110-130 μg for infants up to 12 months
- 90 μg for children up to 8 years
- 130 μg for children up to 13 years
- 150 μg for adults
- 220 μg for pregnant women
- 290 μg for lactating mothers
Main Role:
Constituent of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
The thyroid gland needs no more than 70 μg/day to synthesize the requisite daily amounts of T4 and T3.
Sources:
- Seafood (fish, kelp, shellfish)
- Dairy