Glossary of Cartesian Philosophy: Key Concepts Explained
Glossary of Cartesian Philosophy
Alma (Soul)
Res cogitans (thinking substance): A spiritual substance that is finite because it has a beginning. It is also simple because it cannot be broken down into parts and, therefore, is immortal. A substance independent of the body and does not need it to exist. It is a principle of consciousness, i.e., that by which I am aware. According to Descartes, the soul is more easily known than the body.
Certainty (Certitude)
Act of the spirit recognizing the unqualified
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Item 9: Moral Actions and Ethical Reflection
Moral Actions
Moral actions are those performed consciously and freely by human beings. As these actions have consequences for others and the environment, they must be subject to moral norms.
Human Behavior
- Habits
- Customs
- Standards
Moral Level
The moral level is composed of rules of conduct designed to regulate the specific actions of individuals. It asks, “What should I do?”
Ethical Standards
Ethical standards involve reflecting on moral standards. They raise
Read MoreFrom Myth to Logos: The Rise of Rational Thought in Ancient Greece
Thinking and Reality
Thinking is about capturing reality and giving it meaning and significance. Humans need to think about ideas. But how can we know reality? Reality, as manifested to our senses, is constantly changing. This poses a problem for knowledge.
Magic-Religious Interpretations
Magic-religious interpretations, both past and present, offer explanations for our existence. They explain the origin of nature and the universe from a divine perspective (Mythical Explanation). From the 7th century
Read MoreCritique of Traditional Metaphysics: Kant’s Transcendental Idealism
Criticisms of Traditional Metaphysics
In the preface to the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant expresses his primary concern with the possibility of metaphysics. Specifically, he questions whether it is possible to secure knowledge about God, freedom, and the immortality of the soul.
There are two reasons for doubting the possibility of metaphysics:
- Science progresses, while metaphysics continues debating the same issues discussed centuries ago.
- Scientists agree on their theories and conclusions, while metaphysicians
Introduction to Metaphysics: Key Concepts and Theories
Introduction to Metaphysics
Basic Concepts
Fact: Encompasses everything that exists, whether or not it is visible, accessible, or understandable by science, philosophy, or any other system of analysis.
Appearance: Refers to how things seem to be, often through our senses. It suggests that there may be an underlying structure beyond what is immediately perceived.
Metaphysics: The study of reality beyond the material world, exploring ultimate principles and seeking to explain the natural world through
Read MoreKantian Philosophy: A Critical Approach to Knowledge and Morality
Kantian Philosophy
Introduction
Immanuel Kant developed his philosophy in his book Critique of Pure Reason. With his critical method, he argued that the purpose of philosophy is not to extend our knowledge of the world, but to deepen our understanding of ourselves. He posed three fundamental questions:
- What can I know?
- What ought I to do?
- What may I hope for?
These questions can be summarized as: What is man? For Kant, philosophy is a project of clarification in the service of a free and just humanity.
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