Freedom vs. Determinism: A Philosophical Debate
Freedom
The condition of rational human beings makes them capable of thinking for themselves, meaning that they can also decide against the life choices they face.
Approaching the Notion of Freedom
The absence of obstacles that prevent us from doing what we want, or the ability to choose or want something or another.
- External Freedom: Freedom of action, absence of external obstacles that hinder the action, i.e., being able to do what we want without anything or anyone hindering us.
- Internal Freedom:
Philosophy vs. Science: Understanding Reality and Knowledge
Arguments For and Against Philosophy and Their Defenders
Opponents of the first philosophy accused it of being just a piece of cake, a hobby in the early formative years, but improper for a full-fledged adult.
According to Callicles
Philosophy makes young people and adults confused and do not act naturally under the law of the strongest.
According to Socrates
It is just to enforce the law and be fair, which Callicles denies, lying and saying it is only fair that the strongest prevail over the weak.
The
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Practical Use of Reason (Moral Theory)
- Reason, other than its theoretical use, has a moral function as it is concerned with human behavior and the principles that determine men to act if their conduct is to be moral. The faculty responsible for all this is practical reason, which makes imperatives (commands).
- For an action to have moral value, it cannot be expressed by an imperative for just anyone, but by a categorical imperative (a universally valid moral law based on a commandment that obliges
Understanding State: Legal Theories, Elements, and Human Factors
State: Legal Theories and Political Integration
This document examines the legal theories that can be used to study real conditions from a legal standpoint, relating to the political state and the figures of the right, which seek to match. This is how legal theories were developed to explain the nature of political integration.
The State as a Subject or Settlement
There are three possible ways to design an entity to the State:
- The first is considered as an object, such as an establishment.
- Considering
Metaphysics: Key Concepts and Philosophical Methods
Topics of Metaphysics
The word “metaphysics” is a collection invented to designate the works of Aristotle that dealt with the first principles of all sciences:
- Science: Decides the object of study more precisely, leading to a perfect, precise language. The strength of scientific evidence is very powerful, so that no physicist discusses the theories of relativity or quantum mechanics.
- Philosophy: Does not have the strength of scientific evidence. It seems that neither philosophers nor scientists agree
Citizenship, Democracy, and Globalization: Key Concepts
The Political Experience of Greece and its Influence
The political experience of Greece, as analyzed by Aristotle, had a decisive influence on Western political thought. The citizen is defined as a function of the city-state system. Not every inhabitant of the city has the condition of a citizen; women and slaves do not. Residence in the city does not automatically confer citizenship, although there are residents with certain rights who are not citizens. Children and the elderly are considered imperfect
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