Descartes’ Method: Rationalism, Doubt, and the Existence of God
Descartes’ Method: A Path to Certainty
The problem of modernity was to avoid error. To this end, a method of scientific research should be ordered. Descartes aimed to create a universal science of knowledge, and science was joined. But mathematics is not a single method. In addition, the contents are non-abstract and useful. He emphasizes the practical value of philosophy. The Greek contemplative nature of knowledge (theory) is lost. Descartes started from scratch. He did not have any confidence
Read MoreImmanuel Kant’s Philosophy: A Comprehensive Analysis
Kant: Your Ideas
Kant himself sums up the aim of his philosophy in three broad questions:
- What can I do?
- What should I do?
- What may I expect?
These three questions relate to a further, more abstract one: What is man?
What Can I Do? (Theory of Knowledge)
Metaphysics and science: What were the conditions of possibility of science as valid knowledge? Once learned, as science can only be done by assessing whether in metaphysics such conditions exist to determine whether knowledge can be scientific.
The elements
Read MoreState Power, Individual Rights, and Legal Systems
State Power: Arbitrariness and Limits
The problem of arbitrariness can be seen as the legal counterpart to the issue of the limits of state power against the individual. Arbitrariness has two aspects: the competence (staff, equipment, procedural) of state bodies and representatives, and the public attitude towards the exercise of that power. A third aspect is legitimacy, which relates to social justice, i.e., whether the application of positive law aligns with justice or legal justice.
Forms of the
Read MoreState and Human Rights: Essential Elements and Principles
Chapter XV: Elements of the State
Pre-Human State
Free and rational beings endowed with life within specific territories.
The Space Where People Live
To gather to form the state politically.
Consequential Determinants
- Political order
- Legal order
- Purpose of the state
Political theology of the government is a fundamental element of the state. The state is not just a group of men at one time, but a power that comes from it.
It is indispensable to study the individual. The human compensates this. Man is the foundation
Read MoreKey Ethical Theories and Concepts of Happiness
Socrates and the Foundation of Western Ethics
The good thing is to do something. Above all, the community itself is understood as the virtue par excellence, and the ability to excel, giving some power to the virtuous. The good man is trying to excel by providing the best services to his community, and this is the idea of behaving morally. The good is to try to be the best to provide a service to the community. The creator of Western ethics, Socrates, raises fundamental ethical questions and proposes
Read MoreUnderstanding Duty, Ethics, and Human Rights
Why We Need to Develop a Sense of Duty
Reason as a Moral Criterion
Several philosophers proposed using a different ethical principle, independent of the specific purpose that we set in life. The principle of moral criteria that should guide our conduct is respect for what reason tells us.
Stoic Ethics
The Stoics defended this position. For Stoicism, man behaves virtuously, rather than being carried away by their passions, acts with the dictates of its reason. It is reason that dictates what their duty
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