Transition to Democracy in Spain: Key Events and Political Changes
Beginning of the Transition: Democratic Alternatives
1.2 – Two possible ways:
- Rupture advocated by the opposition, mainly PSOE and the Communist party, for immediate dissolution of Francoist institutions.
- Reform supported by moderate opposition and liberal Francoists like Manuel Fraga, Jose Maria, and Adolfo Suarez, aiming to achieve democracy by reforming Francoist institutions and laws.
Adolfo Suarez and Political Reform
1-Law for Political Reform 1976: Amended Francoist legislation and established
Read MoreFirst World War, Russian Revolution, and Interwar Period
The First World War and the Russian Revolution
- Why did a war break out in Europe?
After the Berlin Conference, the rise of powers such as the German Empire caused conflicts between European countries. There was a high possibility of war as European powers competed to control Morocco.
The European powers became nationalistic to defend their colonial empires. The Austro-Hungarian, Serbian, and Russian Empires were planning on gaining power over the Balkans, which would give them control over the Mediterranean
Read MoreCitizen Participation in the Political Process: A Guide
7.2.5
Which situation is an example of a citizen participating in the political process?
A citizen votes in a local election.
Which situation is an example of a citizen participating in the political process?
A citizen emails her congressional representative about an important issue
Which situation is an example of a citizen participating in the political process?
A citizen researches the candidates running for office
How can a citizen best become more informed about current issues?
Consume a variety of
Read MoreThe Spanish Monarchy and Conquest of the Americas
The Spanish Monarchy
– The marriage of Isabel and Fernando supposed the union of Castilla and Aragon
- It was a dynastic union because each territory maintained its own institutions, laws, currency…
- Strengthening of the state because the Catholic Monarchs reinforced their power by establishing the authoritarian monarchy
- The main political decisions were:
- Territorial unification with the annexation of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada and the annexation of the kingdom of Navarra
- Religious unity
- Creation of
The Umayyad Dynasty and the Evolution of Islam
The Umayyad Dynasty
After Ali’s death, Mu’awiya took over the caliphate founding the Umayyad dynasty (661-750) and moved the capital to Damascus. Mu’awiya achieved the modernization of the army, which led to territorial expansion. He introduced registries in administration and an effective postal system. On a political level, he practiced a tribal system of leadership, reviving Sura (council of elders) and wufud (delegations sent by tribes to inform the caliph). Therefore, in this era, blood
Read MoreWomen’s Suffrage Movement and the 19th Amendment
POP
Political movement, often led by western farmers, which emerged in the late 19th century. Some of the goals of this movement included the coinage of silver, increased government control over bank and railroads, and the transition of political power to the citizens. + TARIFF: A tax on imported goods + GOLDST: A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold + GILDAG: 1870s – 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics
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